Bethlehem

Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Downtown Bethlehem in 2007
Seal
Nickname(s): The Christmas City[1], The Steel City
Location in Lehigh and Northampton Counties, Pennsylvania
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Location within Pennsylvania
Coordinates: 40°37′34″N 75°22′32″W / 40.62611°N 75.37556°W / 40.62611; -75.37556Coordinates: 40°37′34″N 75°22′32″W / 40.62611°N 75.37556°W / 40.62611; -75.37556
Country	United States
Commonwealth	Pennsylvania
Counties	Lehigh and Northampton
Founded	1741
Government
- Mayor	John B. Callahan
Area
- Total	19.4 sq mi (50.3 km2)
- Land	19.3 sq mi (49.9 km2)
- Water	0.2 sq mi (0.4 km2)
Elevation	360 ft (109.728 m)
Population (2000)
- Total	71,329
- Density	3,704.4/sq mi (594.0/km2)
Time zone	EST (UTC-5)
- Summer (DST)	EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP Codes	18015-18018, 18020, 18025
Website	http://www.bethlehem-pa.gov

Graveyard with Bethlehem Steel in background, 1935. Photo by Walker Evans.

Main Street, downtown Bethlehem, 2007

South Bethlehem in 1935, looking north to houses and Bethlehem Steel

Bethlehem is a city in Lehigh and Northampton Counties in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania, in the United States. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 71,329, (2008 estimate 72,241),^[2] making it the sixth largest city in Pennsylvania, after Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, and Reading.^[3]

Bethlehem lies in the center of the Lehigh Valley, a region of 731 square miles (1,893 km²) that is home to more than 800,000 people. The Valley embraces a trio of cities (Bethlehem, Allentown and Easton) within two counties (Lehigh and Northampton), making it Pennsylvania's third-largest metropolitan area. Smaller than Allentown but larger than Easton, Bethlehem is the Lehigh Valley's second most populous city.

There are three general sections of the city, North Bethlehem, South Bethlehem and West Bethlehem. Each of these sections blossomed at different times in the city's development and each contains areas recognized under the National Register of Historic Places.

In July 2006, Money magazine included Bethlehem as one of its "Top 100 Best Places to Live."^[4] It placed number 88.

History

On Christmas Eve in 1741, David Nitschmann and Count Nicolaus von Zinzendorf, leading a small group of Moravians, founded the city of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania along the banks of the Monocacy Creek by the Lehigh River. They named the settlement after the town of Bethlehem in Judea, the birthplace of Jesus Christ. Bethlehem became the headquarters of the Northern Province of the Moravian Church in North America after the Unity Synod of 1848.^[5] Originally a typical Moravian Settlement Congregation where the Church owned all the property, until the 1850s only members of the Moravian Church were permitted to live in Bethlehem. The historic Brethren's House, Sisters' House, Widows' House and Gemeinhaus (Congregation House) with the Old Chapel are remnants of this period of communal living.

In 1762, Bethlehem became home to the first water works in America to pump water for public usage. While George Washington and his troops stayed in Valley Forge, his personal effects were stored at the farm of James Burnside, which is now a historical museum (Burnside Plantation).^[6] The prosperous village was incorporated into a free borough in the County of Northampton in 1845.

On March 27, 1900, the Bach Choir of Bethlehem presented the American debut of Lutheran composer Johann Sebastian Bach's Mass in B Minor in the city's Central Moravian Church.

Bethlehem Steel works, May 1881. Watercolor by Joseph Pennell.

Christmas star

On December 7, 1937, at a grand ceremony, Mrs. Marion Brown Grace pulled a large switch to light the new Christmas street lights and a large wooden star. Mrs. Grace was the daughter of a former South Bethlehem burgess, Charles F. Brown and wife of Eugene Grace, President of Bethlehem Steel Corporation. Hundreds of Bethlehem’s leading citizens attended the ceremony and thousands more listened to the speeches and musical performances on the radio. The switch for the lights was located in the ballroom of the Hotel Bethlehem. This was the first year that Mayor Robert Pfeifle and the Bethlehem Chamber of Commerce adopted the nickname "Christmas City, USA" for Bethlehem. Donations from the community were raised for the street decorations. The Bethlehem Globe-Times underwrote the expense of the large wooden star on the top of South Mountain, at a cost of $460.

The star of Bethlehem viewed from Main Street at night

The star was attached to two wooden poles and was smaller than the current star. The star was created with four wooden planks, overlapped to create an eight point star. The dimensions were 60’ high, 51’ wide lit by 150 bulbs, 50 watts each. The installation of the star was done by PP&L and Bethlehem Water Department. The star was erected on the top of South Mountain, on property owned by the Water Department, located in Lower Saucon Township. The lighting ceremony, in the Hotel Bethlehem, was an appropriate location. This was the site of the first building in Bethlehem, a two room log house. On Christmas Eve in 1741, the original settlers were conducting their evening worship in this building. As their benefactor, Count Zinzendorf, observed the farm animals that shared the space and listened to the words of the hymn they sang, “Not Jerusalem, But Lowly Bethlehem.” he proclaimed the name of the settlement to be Bethlehem. The people gathered at the 1937 ceremony also heard those same words when the Bach Choir, under the direction of Dr. T. Edgar Shields, sang the old German hymn “Jesu, Rufe Mich (Jesus, Call Thou Me),” by Adam Drese. Malcolm Gross, the Mayor of Allentown, Joseph Morrison, Easton’s Chief Executive, Bethlehem School administrators, and prominent church officials were also there to celebrate. In 1939 the wooden star was replaced with a star made of Bethlehem steel, at a cost of $5000. It had eight rays with the main horizontal ray extended eighty-one feet and the main vertical ray was fifty-three feet long. In 1967, the star was redesigned, and Plexiglas was installed to protect the 250 light bulbs, 50 watts each. It was installed on the old steel frame which was ninety-one feet high and twenty-five feet wide at the base with a depth of five feet, set in concrete. In the summer of 2006, the city attended to some much needed repairs of the base. Rust was scraped off the steel base then it was primed and painted at a cost of $25,000. This is the star we see today. The star is surrounded by a 9-foot (2.7 m) chain link fence topped with razor wire. A crew of municipal electricians changes the bulbs every two years. It can be a dangerous job so the crew wears safety gear and they avoid bad weather. Beginning in the mid-'90s, the star was lit from 4:30 p.m. until midnight, every day of the year. This schedule continues today. However during World War II, from 1941 to 1945, none of the Christmas decorations in Bethlehem were lit. At the time, Bethlehem officials explained that the lit star made "too good of an air raid target" and “during the global strife it didn't seem right for the lights to be all lit up when our boys were out in the darkness fighting for us." When lit, the star can be seen from as far as Wind Gap, 20 miles (32 km) away. The star has become an important symbol for Bethlehem. Blue-and-white signs surround the city and direct tourists to "Follow the Star to Bethlehem."

Center of American heavy industry

Bethlehem became a center of heavy industry and trade during the industrial revolution. Bethlehem Steel, founded in 1904, began producing the first wide-flange structural shapes made in America. The company was the first to produce the now-ubiquitous "I-beam," and was a major supplier of armor plate and ordnance products during World War I and World War II. After roughly 140 years of metal production at its Bethlehem plant, Bethlehem Steel ceased operations in Bethlehem in 1995.

Geography

The Lehigh River in Bethlehem in 2007.

Monocacy Creek near downtown Bethlehem in 2007.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.4 square miles (50.3 km²), of which, 19.3 square miles (49.9 km²) of it is land and 0.2 square miles (0.4 km²) of it (0.88%) is water.

Necessitated by the large volumes of water that were required in the steelmaking process, the city owns 22,000 acres (89 km²) in the Pocono Mountains where its water is stored in reservoirs.

Surrounding municipalities

	Whitehall	Hanover	Nazareth
	Allentown		Easton
		Bethlehem
	Fountain Hill	Center Valley	Hellertown

Climate

Bethlehem's climate falls in the humid continental climate zone. Summers are typically hot and humid, fall and spring are generally mild, and winter is cold. Precipitation is distributed throughout the year, with thunderstorms in the summer, showers in spring and fall, and snow in winter. The average high temperature varies widely, from 34 °F (1 °C) in January to 84.5 °F (29.2 °C) in July. The highest recorded temperature was 105 °F (41 °C), while the lowest recorded temperature was −15 °F (−26.1 °C).

Cityscape

Neighborhoods

Bethlehem is divided into four main areas: Center City, West Side, East Side, and South Side, which is separated from the city's northern sections by the Lehigh River. The West Side, the only section of the city that lies in Lehigh County, begins at the city's western border with Allentown and continues east to the Monocacy Creek and north to Hanover Township (Lehigh County). Center City is bounded by the Monacacy Creek to the west, Hanover and Bethlehem townships (both Northampton County) to the north, and Stefko Boulevard to the east. The East Side is bordered to the west by Center City and to the east by Bethlehem Township and Freemansburg. The East Side includes the Pembroke Village area. The South Side's borders are Fountain Hill to the east, the Lehigh to the north, South Mountain to the south, and Hellertown to the east. The South Side has mostly older houses, and many of the poorer residents live there.

Neighboring municipalities

	Hanover Township, Lehigh County	Hanover Township, Northampton County	Bethlehem Township
	Allentown		Freemansburg
		Bethlehem
	Salisbury Township, Fountain Hill	Hellertown	Lower Saucon Township

Demographics

As of the 2008 United States Census Bureau estimates ^[9] Bethlehem had 72,368 residents. 82.3% of the population was White American, 4.9% African American, 3.5% Asian, 0.1% Native American, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 7.1% were of some other race, and 2% were of two or more races. Hispanic or Latino were 23.9% of the population.

As of the census^{[10][page needed]} of 2000, there were 71,329 people residing in the city, including 17,094 families and 28,116 households. The population density was 3,704.4 people per square mile (1,429.9/km²). There were 29,631 housing units at an average density of 1,538.8/sq mi (594.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 81.85% White, 3.64% African American, 0.26% Native American, 2.22% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 9.44% from other races, and 2.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18.23% of the population. The city was named "Pennsylvania's Fastest Growing City".^{[citation needed]}

There were 28,116 households out of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.1% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.2% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.95.

In the city the population was spread out with 21.0% under the age of 18, 14.4% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 91.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $35,815, and the median income for a family was $45,354. Males had a median income of $35,190 versus $25,817 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,987. About 11.1% of families and 15.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.7% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over.

The city is served by Lehigh Valley International Airport, which also serves Allentown, Pennsylvania and the greater Lehigh Valley.

Economy

In December 2006, Las Vegas Sands Corp. was awarded a Category 2 Slot Machine License by the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board. LVSC began work on the site, categorized as both the largest Brownfield redevelopment project in the nation and the largest casino development investment made to date in the Commonwealth. Its mission was to create reinvestment and urbanization in the area. At a projected cost of $743 million, the historic Bethlehem Steel plant is now being transformed into a fully integrated resort consisting of 3,000 slot machines, over 300 luxury hotel rooms, 9 restaurants, 200,000 square feet of premium retail outlet shopping, and 46,000 square feet of flexible multi-purpose space.^[11] In 2007, the casino resort company of Las Vegas Sands began the construction of Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem. The Sands Casino has been projected to bring in approximately one million dollars in revenue per day as of 2009. Another major economic anchor to the city is Saint Luke's Hospital and Health Network located in the Fountain Hill section of the city. That Hospital and Health Network is the second largest of its type in the Lehigh Valley.

Politics and government

The city government is composed of a mayor and a seven-person city council. The current mayor of Bethlehem is John B. Callahan, who was elected to his second term in November 2005. His election marks the 10th consecutive year a Democrat has held the city's highest office.^[12]

Callahan is a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition,^[13] a bi-partisan group with a stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets." The Coalition is co-chaired by Boston Mayor Thomas Menino and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg.

Education

Colleges and universities

Moravian College's south campus in Bethlehem.

Bethlehem is home to two institutes of higher education. Lehigh University, located on South Mountain on the city's South Side, has 4,800 undergraduates and 2,100 graduate students.^[14] The university, which was founded in 1865, was ranked #35 in U.S. News & World Report's 2010 ratings of America's best colleges.^[15]

Moravian College, located in the center city area, is a small, highly-respected liberal arts college. Founded in 1742 as Bethlehem Female Seminary, Moravian is the sixth oldest college in the nation.^[16] Besides undergraduate programs, the college also includes the Moravian Theological Seminary, a graduate school with approximately 100 students from more than a dozen religious denominations.^[17]

Northampton Community College is also located in neighboring Bethlehem Township.

Primary and secondary education

Bethlehem is home to the Bethlehem Area School District (BASD), which covers a 40 square-mile area that includes the city, the boroughs of Fountain Hill and Freemansburg, and Bethlehem and Hanover Townships.^[18] The district operates two high schools for grades 9-12: Liberty High School near center city and Freedom High School in neighboring Bethlehem Township.

The district also has four public middle schools for grades 6-8: Broughal Middle School, East Hills Middle School, Nitschmann Middle School, and Northeast Middle School. In addition, BASD maintains 19 public elementary schools for grades K-5. Lehigh Valley Charter High School for the Performing Arts (LVPA) is also operated by the district, though it accepts students in grades 9-12 from throughout Northampton and surrounding counties.

Bethlehem has two private high schools: Bethlehem Catholic High School, which serves grades 9-12, and Moravian Academy, which serves all primary and secondary school grades. Notre Dame High School, located just north of the city, also serves grades 9 through 12.

Bethlehem Catholic, Freedom and Liberty all compete athletically in Pennsylvania's Lehigh Valley Conference.

Media

Bethlehem's daily newspaper, The Globe-Times, ceased publication in 1991. The Morning Call, based in Allentown, and The Express-Times, based in Easton, are now the city's dominant newspapers. The newspapers used to have offices on Bethlehem's historic Main Street, separated by only a couple of buildings, but the Express-Times has moved several blocks away. Other smaller newspapers include the Bethlehem Press, an award-winning weekly, Pulse Weekly, based in Allentown, and the Eastern Pennsylvania Business Journal, based in Bethlehem.

Religious broadcaster WBPH is the only television station licensed in Bethlehem, though WLVT Channel 39, a PBS affiliate, has its operations in Bethlehem. WFMZ Channel 69, an independent station, is based in neighboring Allentown. Bethlehem is part of the Philadelphia DMA and its cable systems also receive select radio and television broadcasts from New York City.

Bethlehem has two licensed commercial radio stations, variety WGPA AM, and hard rock WZZO FM (though the latter's facilities are in Whitehall Township). There is also one non-commercial station, WLVR FM, operated by Lehigh University. In addition, public radio station WDIY FM, while licensed in Allentown, maintains its facilities in Bethlehem. There are numerous other stations broadcast from Allentown and Easton representing a variety of commercial formats, as well as several translators of public stations from Philadelphia and New Jersey.

Sports

In the early part of the 20th century, Bethlehem was a hotbed of American soccer, with the corporate Bethlehem Steel team, named Bethlehem Steel F.C. after the company, winning the 1918-19 championship in the National Association Football League (NAFL), and then winning what amounted to national championships three more times during the next decade (1920-21 in the NAFL; 1926-27 in the American Soccer League I; and in 1928-29 winning the EPSL II). The Bethlehem Steel sides consisted largely of British imported players and also had the distinction of being the first American professional soccer team to play in Europe, which it did during its tour of Sweden in 1919. The team also won the U.S. Open Cup, now called the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup after billionaire sports franchise owner Lamar Hunt, five times beginning in 1915, and for the last time in 1926.

The Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League hold their pre-season training camp each summer at the football facilities of Bethlehem's Lehigh University. The Eagles camp in Bethlehem is among the most highly-attended training camps in the entire NFL, drawing thousands of fans to each practice. During training camp, Eagles' practices typically are held twice daily (at 8:45am and 2:45pm) and are usually open to the public. An estimated 10,000 fans attended Eagles practice daily, the highest of any NFL team's training camp, in the summer of 2006.^[19][20]

Bethlehem also is home to Lehigh University's Stabler Arena, which hosts numerous athletic and music events. Stabler is home to the Continental Indoor Football League's Lehigh Valley Outlawz and to Lehigh University collegiate basketball.

Bethlehem Steel F.C., founded in 1911, was one of the most successful early American soccer clubs. Bethlehem Steel won the American Cup in 1914, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919 and 1924. Additionally, they won the National Cup, currently the U.S. Open Cup, in 1915, 1916, 1918, 1919, and 1926, the Allied Amateur Cup in 1914 and the Lewis Cup in 1928. The team folded in 1930.

The Lehigh Valley RFC rugby union team play their matches in Bethlehem at Monocacy Park.

Recreation and entertainment

The city is famous for its Musikfest, a largely free, ten-day music festival that draws over a million people to the city each August. Other festivals include The Celtic Classic, which celebrates Celtic culture, food and music^[21], and the SouthSide Film Festival, a non-competitive, not-for-profit film festival. The city has also been the past, and current host of the North East Art Rock Festival, or NEARFest a popular 3-day Progressive rock music event. The Bethlehem Area Public Library is another popular destination for recreation and entertainment^[22]. The Banana Factory houses studios of area artists and is open to the public every first Friday of the month.^[23] Touchstone Theatre, also on the SouthSide, houses the Valley's only professional resident theatre company, producing and presenting original theatre performances^[24].

Historic Bethlehem hosts the famed Musikfest and also features many specialized boutiques, spas and clubs along its main streets. The Boyd, Pop-mart and Club 40 Below^[25] are among the prominent spots to hang out amongst local college students. The Boyd Theatre boasts a phenomenal sound system and classic 1920's architecture, while Pop-mart features New York fashion and designer names in this quaint town. Club 40 Below has recently been renovated and features the largest dance floor in the Lehigh Valley.

Lehigh University's Zoellner Arts Center offers a variety of musical and dramatic events through the year.

The city is the location of Pennsylvania's largest casino, the Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem, located on the former Bethlehem Steel property.

The Lehigh Canal provides hiking and biking opportunities along the canal towpath which follows the Lehigh River in Bethlehem.

The western part of the former Bethlehem Steel site was selected as a filming location for the movie [[Transformers 2: Revenge of the Fallen]], which was released in 2009. In the film, the Steel's blast furnaces and surrounding area are used for the opening sequence of the film to represent Shanghai.

City parks

Bethlehem owns 39 park sites, encompassing 568 acres (2.3 km²). Among the city's parks are Buchannan Park, Elmwood Park, Illick's Mill Park, Johnston Park, Monocacy Park, Rockland Park, Rose Garden, Sand Island, Saucon Park, Sell Field, South Mountain Park, Triangle Park, West Side Park, and Yosko Park.^[26][27]

Notable natives and residents

• Jeff Andretti, is an American race car driver.
• John Andretti, professional race car driver, raced in NASCAR, and currently races in the IndyCar Series.
• Michael Andretti, professional racing team owner, former professional race car driver.
• David A. Bader, Georgia Tech professor.
• Chuck Bednarik, former professional football player, Philadelphia Eagles, Pro Football Hall of Fame member.
• Michael Behe, biochemist at Lehigh University, advocate of intelligent design.
• Stephen Vincent Benét, American writer.
• Pete Carril, former professional and collegiate basketball coach.
• Alexandra Chando, actress, As The World Turns.
• H.D., writer, poet.
• Russell Davenport, publisher and writer.
• Jimmy DeGrasso, former drummer, Megadeth.
• Richard Diehl, archaeologist, academic and Mesoamericanist scholar.
• Edwin Drake, oil driller.
• Jonathan Frakes, director and actor, Star Trek: The Next Generation.
• Eugene Grace, industrialist, President of Bethlehem Steel, 1916-1945.
• Mel Harris, actress, ABC's thirtysomething.
• Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, professional wrestler and actor.
• Gelsey Kirkland, ballerina.
• Nathan Homer Knorr, religious leader and 3rd president, Jehovah's Witnesses.
• Gary Lavelle, former professional baseball player, Oakland Athletics, San Francisco Giants and Toronto Blue Jays.
• Barry W. Lynn, executive director of Americans United for Separation of Church and State.
• Alix Olson, spoken word poet.
• Billy Packer, CBS basketball analyst.
• Daniel Roebuck, actor, ABC's Lost.
• Thom Schuyler, country music singer and songwriter
• Charles M. Schwab, industrialist, former President of U.S. Steel, later incorporated as Bethlehem Steel in 1904.
• Sheetal Sheth, actress, Looking for Comedy in the Muslim World.
• John Spagnola, former professional football player, Green Bay Packers, Philadelphia Eagles and Seattle Seahawks.
• Gary Mark Smith, artist, author, and global street photographer.
• Sarah Strohmeyer, novelist, creator of Bubbles.
• Jonathan Taylor Thomas, actor, ABC's Home Improvement.

Sister cities

• Murska Sobota, Slovenia
• Tondabayashi, Japan
• Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany

Twin cities

• Allentown, Pennsylvania
• Easton, Pennsylvania

References

External links

• Official website.
• Bethlehem travel guide from Wikitravel.
• Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: A Moravian Settlement in Colonial America, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan.

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