betta

 

(bĕt'ə) or fighting fish, small, freshwater fish of the genus Betta, found in Thailand and the Malay Peninsula. Best known is the Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens. Mature males of this species are about 2 in. (5 cm) long. In its native waters B. splendens is drab with small fins, but several centuries of breeding have produced multicolored varieties with extremely enlarged decorative fins, highly prized as aquarium fishes. Males of this species are extremely aggressive, and in Thailand they are used in fighting contests lasting as long as six hours, with spectators betting on the outcome. Bettas thrive in shallow, sunlit areas with soft or sandy bottoms. Males secrete a mucous, with which they build bubble nests. After the female of a pair lays her eggs, both members transfer them to the nest, which is then guarded by the male. Several hundred young hatch out in 24 to 30 days. Like its relatives the gourami and the climbing perch, the betta is equipped to breathe air as well as water and must surface from time to time. It is classified in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, class Osteichthyes, order Perciformes, family Anabantidae.

Betta
Betta albimarginata
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Osphronemidae Genus: Betta
Species
B. persephone B. picta - spotted betta B. pugnax - Penang betta B. splendens - Siamese fighting fish and others (see text)

Betta Bleeker, [[1850]. genus of small, often colourful, freshwater ray-finned fishes in the gourami family (Osphronemidae). The type species is B. picta, the spotted betta.^[1] By far the best known Betta species, however, is B. splendens, the Siamese fighting fish.

All the Betta species are small fishes, but they vary considerably in size, ranging from under 2.5 cm (1 inch) total length in B. chanoides to 14 cm (5.5 inches) in the Akar betta (B. akarensis).^[1]

Bettas are anabantoids, which means they can breathe atmospheric air thanks to a unique organ called the labyrinth. This accounts for their ability to thrive in low-oxygen water conditions that would kill most other fish, such as rice paddies, slow-moving streams, drainage ditches, and large puddles. ^[2]

The various bettas can be divided into two groups, based on their spawning behaviour: some build bubble nests, like B. splendens, while others are mouthbrooders, like B. picta. The mouthbrooding species are sometimes called "pseudo bettas", and are sometimes speculated to have evolved from the nest-builders in an adaptation to their fast-moving stream habitats.^[3]

Name

There is frequently much confusion in terminology regarding these fish. Siamese fighting fish, B. splendens, is frequently sold in Canada and the United States simply as "betta", and fish fanciers are often unaware that, as of 2006, around 65 species are classified in the genus Betta. A further source of confusion is that while the generic name Betta is italicized and capitalized, when used as a common name it is usually not capitalized;^[4] the common name of Betta pugnax, for example, is thus Penang betta.

The name Betta (or betta) is pronounced IPA: /ˈbɛtə/.^[4] (That is, the first part is the same as the English word bet.) By confusion with the name of the Greek letter beta, the name is often (erroneously) pronounced /ˈbeɪtə/ in American English, and is even often misspelled with one t. The name of the genus is completely unrelated to that of the Greek letter, however, being derived from a local language in Thailand ikan bettah.^[1]

Conservation

While many Betta species are common and B. splendens is ubiquitous in the aquarium trade, other bettas are threatened. The IUCN Red List classifies several Betta species as Vulnerable. In addition, B. livida is Endangered, and B. miniopinna, B. persephone, and B. spilotogena are Critically Endangered.^[5]

The United Nations Environment Programme lists an unconfirmed species, Betta cf. tomi, as having become extinct in Singapore between 1970 and 1994.^[6] This likely refers to the extirpated Singaporean population of B. tomi, which continues to exist in the wild in Indonesia and Malaysia as well as in captivity; the Red List classifies it as Vulnerable.^{[7] [8]}

Species

The currently described Betta species can be grouped into "complexes" for conservation purposes. (This grouping of species makes no claim at representing a taxonomic reality.) The complexes are the associated species are:^{[1] [9] [10]}

• Akarensis complex:
  • Betta akarensis Regan, 1910 – Akar betta
  • Betta antoni Tan & Ng, 2006
  • Betta balunga Herre, 1940
  • Betta chini Ng, 1993
  • Betta ibanorum Tan and Ng, 2004
  • Betta pinguis Tan and Kottelat, 1998
• Albimarginata complex:
  • Betta albimarginata Kottelat and Ng, 1994
  • Betta channoides Kottelat and Ng, 1994
• Anabantoides complex:
  • Betta anabatoides Bleeker, 1851 – giant betta
• Bellica complex:
  • Betta bellica Sauvage, 1884 – slim betta
  • Betta simorum Tan and Ng, 1996
• Coccina complex:
  • Betta brownorum Witte and Schmidt, 1992
  • Betta burdigala Kottelat and Ng, 1994
  • Betta coccina Vierke, 1979
  • Betta livida Ng and Kottelat, 1992
  • Betta miniopinna Tan and Tan, 1994
  • Betta persephone Schaller, 1986
  • Betta rutilans Witte and Kottelat in Kottelat, 1991
  • Betta tussyae Schaller, 1985
  • Betta uberis Tan & Ng, 2006
• Dimidiata complex:
  • Betta dimidiata Roberts, 1989
  • Betta krataios Tan & Ng, 2006
• Foerschi complex:
  • Betta foerschi Vierke, 1979
  • Betta mandor Tan & Ng, 2006
  • Betta rubra Perugia, 1893 – Toba betta
  • Betta strohi Schaller and Kottelat, 1989
• Picta complex:
  • Betta falx Tan and Kottelat, 1998
  • Betta picta (Valenciennes, 1846) – spotted betta
  • Betta simplex Kottelat, 1994
  • Betta taeniata Regan, 1910 – Borneo betta
• Pugnax complex:
  • Betta breviobesus Tan and Kottelat, 1998
  • Betta enisae Kottelat, 1995
  • Betta fusca Regan, 1910 – dusky betta
  • Betta prima Kottelat, 1994
  • Betta pugnax (Cantor, 1849) – Penang betta
  • Betta pulchra Tan and Tan, 1996
  • Betta schalleri Kottelat and Ng, 1994
• Splendens complex:
  • Betta imbellis Ladiges, 1975 – crescent betta
  • Betta smaragdina Ladiges, 1972 – blue betta
  • Betta splendens Regan, 1910 – Siamese fighting fish
• Unimaculata complex:
  • Betta compuncta Tan & Ng, 2006
  • Betta ideii Tan & Ng, 2006
  • Betta macrostoma Regan, 1910 – spotfin betta
  • Betta patoti Weber and de Beaufort, 1922
  • Betta ocellata de Beaufort, 1933
  • Betta unimaculata (Popta, 1905) – Howong betta
• Waseri complex:
  • Betta chloropharynx Kottelat and Ng, 1994
  • Betta hipposideros Ng and Kottelat, 1994
  • Betta pi Tan, 1998
  • Betta renata Tan, 1998
  • Betta spilotogena Ng and Kottelat, 1994
  • Betta tomi Ng and Kottelat, 1994
  • Betta waseri Krummenacher, 1986
• unassigned:
  • Betta apollon Schindler & Schmidt, 2006
  • Betta aurigans Tan & Ng, 2004
  • Betta cracens Tan & Ng, 2005
  • Betta edithae Vierke, 1984
  • Betta ferox Schindler & Schmidt, 2006
  • Betta gladiator Tan & Ng, 2005
  • Betta ideii Tan & Ng, 2006
  • Betta lehi Tan & Ng, 2005
  • Betta obscura Tan & Ng, 2005
  • Betta pallida Schindler & Schmidt, 2004
  • Betta pallifina Tan & Ng, 2005
  • Betta raja Tan & Ng, 2005
  • Betta stigmosa Tan & Ng, 2005
  • Betta stiktos Tan & Ng, 2005

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} "Betta". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. March 2006 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2006.
2. ^ Marcus Song, Caring for Betta Fish ?????????(Lulu Press, 2006). ISBN 1-4116-9365-5
3. ^ Fernando, Yohan. Betta edithae - a Pseudo Betta?. International Betta Congress Species Maintenance Program. Retrieved on 2006-06-30.
4. ^ ^{a b} "Betta". American Heritage Dictionary (4th ed.). Retrieved on 2006-06-29. 
5. ^ 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. they are amazing..... Retrieved on 2006-06-30.
6. ^ Extinctions since 1970. United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (2006). Retrieved on 2006-07-01.
7. ^ Kottelat, M. (1996). Betta tomi. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved on 2006-07-01.
8. ^ Betta tomi. International Betta Congress Species Maintenance Program. Retrieved on 2006-07-01.
9. ^ Species Complex Management. International Betta Congress Species Maintenance Program. Retrieved on 2006-07-01.
10. ^ Betta (TSN 172610). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed on 30 June 2006.

External links

Betta at the Open Directory Project
Blog About Betta Fish

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