bibliography
American Heritage Dictionary:
Top
bib·li·og·ra·phy
(bĭb'lē-ŏg'rə-fē) 
n., pl., -phies.
bibliographically bib'li·o·graph'i·cal·ly adv.
n., pl., -phies.
- A list of the works of a specific author or publisher.
- A list of writings relating to a given subject: a bibliography of Latin American history.
- A list of writings used or considered by an author in preparing a particular work.
- The description and identification of the editions, dates of issue, authorship, and typography of books or other written material.
- A compilation of such information.
bibliographically bib'li·o·graph'i·cal·ly adv.
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia:
Top
bibliography
Broadly, the systematic study and description of books. The word can refer to the listing of books according to some system (called descriptive, or enumerative, bibliography), to the study of books as tangible objects (called critical, or analytical, bibliography), or to the product of those activities. The purpose of bibliography is to organize information about materials on a given subject so that students of the subject may have access to it. A descriptive bibliography may take the form of information about a particular author's works or about works on a given subject or on a particular nation or period. Critical bibliography, which emerged in the early 20th century, involves meticulous descriptions of the physical features of books, including the paper, binding, printing, typography, and production processes used, to help establish such facts as printing dates and authenticity.
For more information on bibliography, visit Britannica.com.
Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms:
Top
bibliography
bibliography, the description of books: (i) a systematic list of writings by a given author or on a given subject; (ii) the study of books as material objects, involving technical analysis of paper, printing methods, bindings, page‐numbering, and publishing history. A compiler of bibliographies or a student of bibliography is a bibliographer.
Oxford Dictionary of Modern Design:
Top
bibliography
This is intended only as a brief introductory guide to background reading for design in the period surveyed in this dictionary of design and is framed around books rather than articles. It should not be seen as definitive but embraces books with a spectrum of approaches, ranging from the art historical through to texts that embrace the social, economic, political, technological, and other viewpoints important to our understanding of design, its conception, production, and consumption. For the most part texts have been selected for their relative accessibility and recent publication dates. Books devoted to individual designers, firms, and consultancies have also been avoided for reasons of space and the fact that references to a very large number of these are included in many of the texts listed below. Although there has been an attempt to include references that embrace a wide geographical and cultural spread the book-based literature that is generally available unfortunately fails to cover the histories of design that obtain in many parts of the globe.
The bibliography is organized around the following headings:
General Introductory Texts
Design Atlas
| American Design |
| Asian and Far Eastern Design |
| Australasian Design |
| Austrian Design |
| British Design |
| Central and Eastern European Design |
| French Design |
| German Design |
| Irish Design |
| Italian Design |
| Netherlands and Belgian Design |
| Scandinavian Design |
| Spanish Design |
Major Design Movements
| Aesthetic Movement |
| Art Nouveau |
| Arts and Crafts |
| Modernism |
| Postmodernism |
Other Design Topics
| Corporate and Retail Design |
| Critical Voices |
| The Design Profession |
| Gender and Design |
| Green Design |
General Introductory Texts
Design Atlas
American Design
Asian and Far Eastern Design
Australasian Design
Austrian Design
British Design
Central And Eastern European Design
French Design
German Design
Irish Design
Italian Design
Netherlands and Belgian Design
Scandinavian Design
Spanish Design
Major Design Movements
Aesthetic Movement
Art Deco
Art Nouveau
Arts and Crafts
Modernism
Postmodernism
Other Design Topics
Corporate and Retail Design
Critical Voices
The Design Profession
Gender and Design
Green Design
Columbia Encyclopedia:
Top
bibliography
bibliography. The listing of books is of ancient origin. Lists of clay tablets have been found at Nineveh and elsewhere; the library at Alexandria had subject lists of its books. Modern bibliography began with the invention of printing and at first consisted of "trade" bibliographies, i.e., lists of the publications of important publishing houses, comparable to those in the present-day Publisher's Trade List Annual, British Books in Print, and Books in Print. There have been efforts at universal bibilography: in 1545 at Zürich, Konrad von Gesner published his Bibliotheca universalis; in 1895 the International Institute of Bibliography was established at Brussels. There are national bibliographies, such as the Library of Congress Catalog and the British Museum Catalogue; subject bibliographies, such as Sabin's Dictionary of Books Relating to America; and lists of the works of individual authors. Bibliographies of rare and old books include Book Prices Current. The Cumulative Book Index is a monthly bibliography of books in the English language that cumulates annually. The Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature is useful for British publications, and the Bibliographic Guide to the Study of the Literature of the U.S.A., by C. L. Gohdes, for American works. The Bibliographical Index, which is cumulative, and World Bibliography of Bibliographies are useful compilations. The term bibliography is also used to describe books as physical objects and their production history, and has been expanded to include nonprint media such as microfilm.
Bibliography
See A. J. K. Esdaile, Manual of Bibliography (4th ed. 1967); R. Downs, Bibliography (1967); E. W. Padwick, Bibliographical Method (1969); A. M. Robinson, Systematic Bibliography (3d ed. 1971); R. Stokes, The Function of Bibliography (1982); D. Drummel, Bibliographies (1984).
Dictionary of Cultural Literacy: Grammar:
Top
bibliography
A list of the written sources of information on a subject. Bibliographies generally appear as a list at the end of a book or article. They may show what works the author used in writing the article or book, or they may list works that a reader might find useful.
Word Tutor:
Top
bibliographic
IN BRIEF: Dealing or relating to the history, identification, or analytical and systematic description or classification of writings or publications
The library has large lending and bibliographic departments.
LearnThatWord.com is a free vocabulary and spelling program where you only pay for results!
Saunders Veterinary Dictionary:
Top
bibliographical
Pertaining to the literature of a subject.
- b. tools — the ways in which a bibliography can be approached or managed. These include current literature scans, article indexes, compilations of abstracts, lists of current contents, abstracting journals, lists of titles, subject reviews, bibliographies, lists of headings, lists of headwords and synonyms, computerized databases and thesauruses.
Random House Word Menu:
Top
categories related to 'bibliography'
- Publishing - bibliography: list of source materials and related readings
- Books and Pages - bibliography: list of resources used in compiling a text, or works relating to a subject
Wikipedia on Answers.com:
Top
Bibliography
For "Works Cited" lists, see Citation.
"Bibliology" redirects here. For the theological study of the nature of the Bible, see Biblical theology.
Bibliography (from Greek βιβλιογραφία, bibliographia, literally "book writing"), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology[1] (from Greek -λογία, -logia). Carter and Barker (2010) describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline -- the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic, detailed description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell, and G. Thomas Tanselle.
Bowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artifact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.
Descriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions, studies, organization, learnings, teachings, and classifying in their description – titles are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style, illustrations, typeface, binding, paper, format and all physical elements related to identifying a book are represented following the formulaic conventions that Bower's established. Bower’s opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description, expands substantively on W. W. Greg’s groundbreaking theory that argued for adopting formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book. Descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer’s initial conception and intention in printing.
In addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches: enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual, Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography.[2] Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.
D. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by W. W. Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as "the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include "non-book texts" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artifacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.[3]
Bibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books.[4][5] In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs[6] and websites.
|
Contents
|
Etymology
The word bibliographia (βιβλιογραφία) was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries AD to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for "the intellectual activity of composing books". The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books.[7] Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. [8]
Enumerative bibliography
An enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from "works cited" lists at the end of books and articles to complete, independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's, A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a "bibliography," is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.
Enumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.
Citation styles vary. An entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:
- creator(s)
- title
- publisher and place of publication
- date of publication
An entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:
- creator(s)
- article title
- journal title
- volume
- pages
- date of publication
A bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.
Bibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.
Descriptive Bibliography
Fredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description (1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, "[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents" (124).
Descriptive Bibliographies as Scholarly Product
Descriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:
- Format and Collation/Pagination Statement - a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages
-
-
- According to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:
- Broadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.
- Folio: 2° or fol.
- Quarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q
- Octabo: 8° or 8vo
- Duodecimo: 12° or 12mo
- Sexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo
- Tricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo
- Sexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo
- The collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.
- For example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:
- 2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D
- would be represented in the collation formula:
- 4°: A2B-C4D2
- For example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:
- According to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:
-
- Binding - a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)
- Title Page Transcription - a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments
- Contents - a listing of the contents (by section) in the book
- Paper - a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)
- Illustrations - a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text
- Presswork - miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production
- Copies Examined - an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)
Analytical bibliography
This branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artifact – such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book – to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence – such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc. – to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. [9] Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations – and the aetiology of variations – in a text with a view to determining "the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text (Bowers 498[1]).
Non-book material
Systematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:
- Discography – recorded music
- Filmography – films
- Webography (or webliography) – websites (the first use of the word "webliography" recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary dates from June 1995)
Arachniography is a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.[10]
Bibliography as a field of study
Bibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. The founder of documentation, Paul Otlet wrote about "the science of bibliography".[12][13] However, there have recently been voices claiming that "the bibliographical paradigm" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defense of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).[14] The quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS. [15] [16]
See also
- Bibliographic database
- Bibliographic index
- Citation
- Citation creator
- Ibid. / Op cit
- Indexing and abstracting service
- List of bibliographies (in Wikipedia)
- Metabibliography (bibliography of bibliographies)
- Reference table
- Legal bibliography
Recommended Reading
- Bowers, Fredson, Principles of Bibliographical Description (Oak Knoll Press, 1995).
- Gaskell, Philip, A New Introduction to Bibliography (Oak Knoll Press, 2000).
- Carter, John, ABC for Book Collectors (Oak Knoll Press and The British Library, 2004).
References
- ^ "bibliology". The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). 1989.
- ^ Fredson Bowers, "Four Faces of Bibliography" Papers of the Bibliographical Society of Canada 10 (1971):33-4.
- ^ Philip Gaskell, A New Introduction to Bibliography (2000).
- ^ Belanger, Terry. "Descriptive Bibliography" Bibliographical Society of America, 2003. Excerpted from Jean Peters, ed., Book Collecting: A Modern Guide (New York and London: R. R. Bowker, 1977), 97–101.
- ^ Harris, Neil. Analytical bibliography: an alternative prospectus. Chapter 1. Definitions of bibliography, and in particular of the variety called analytical. Institut d'histoire du livre, 2004.
- ^ Harmon, Robert B. Elements of bibliography: a simplified approach. Rev. ed. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1989. p. 4. ISBN 0-8108-2218-0.
- ^ Blum, Rudolf. Bibliographia, an inquiry into its definition and designations. Translated by Mathilde V. Rovelstad. Chicago, Ill.: American Library Association; Folkestone, Kent, England: Dawson, 1980. p. 12. ISBN 0-8389-0146-8.
- ^ Studies in Bibliography. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/bsuva/sb/
- ^ Bowers, Fredson (1974 ed., II). "Bibliography". pp. 978-981.
- ^ Staff (2007). Encyclopedia Of Information Technology. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 28. ISBN 81-269-0752-5.
- ^ McKenzie, D. F. (2002). Making Meaning: Printers of the Mind and Other Essays. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
- ^ Otlet, P. (1903). Les sciences bibliographiques et la documentation. Bruxelles, Institut international de bibliographie.
- ^ Otlet, P. (1903). "The science of bibliography and documentation"2. In Rayward, W.B. (trans. and ed.), (1990), International organisation and dissemination of knowledge: Selected essays of Paul Otlet. FID, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
- ^ Hjørland, B. (2007). "Arguments for 'the bibliographical paradigm'. Some thoughts inspired by the new English edition of the UDC", Information Research, 12(4) paper colis06. [Available at http://InformationR.net/ir/12-4/colis06.html]
- ^ McKenzie, D. F. (1999). Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Gow, A. S. F. A. E. Housman: A Sketch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Print
- ^ Greg, W. W. "The Rationale of Copy-Text." Studies in Bibliography. Ed. Fredson Bowers. Charlottesville: Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia. 1950. Print.
- ^ Feather, J. (1986). A Dictionary of Book History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
External links
 |
Look up bibliography in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
 |
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bibliography and Bibliology. |
- Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields
- Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle
- The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography
- Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
Translations:
Top
Bibliography
Dansk (Danish)
n. - bibliografi, kildeliste, litteraturliste
Nederlands (Dutch)
bibliografie, literatuurlijst
Français (French)
n. - bibliographie
Deutsch (German)
n. - Bibliographie, Bücherkunde, Literaturverzeichnis
Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - βιβλιογραφία, βιβλιογραφικός πίνακας
Italiano (Italian)
bibliografia
Português (Portuguese)
n. - bibliografia (f)
Русский (Russian)
библиография
Español (Spanish)
n. - bibliografía
Svenska (Swedish)
n. - litteraturförteckning, bibliografi
中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
书志学, 参考书目, 目录学
中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 書誌學, 參考書目, 目錄學
日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 書誌, 参考文献目録, 書誌学
العربيه (Arabic)
(الاسم) علم الكتب, قائمه بمؤلفات كاتب
עברית (Hebrew)
n. - רשימת ספרי-עזר בנושא מסוים, רשימת ספרים לפי חתך מסוים (מחבר, נושא וכו'), ביבליוגרפיה, מדע תולדות הספרים
If you are unable to view some languages clearly, click here.
Post a question - any question - to the WikiAnswers community:
Copyrights:
American Heritage Dictionary
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Read more
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. © 1994-2012 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved. Read more
Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Copyright © Chris Baldick 2001, 2004. All rights reserved.
Read more
Oxford Dictionary of Modern Design
A Dictionary of Modern Design. Copyright © 2004, 2005 by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.
Read more
Columbia Encyclopedia
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/.
Read more
Dictionary of Cultural Literacy: Grammar
The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Edited by E.D. Hirsch, Jr., Joseph F. Kett, and
James Trefil. Copyright © 2002 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.
Read more
Word Tutor
Copyright © 2004-present by eSpindle Learning, a 501(c) nonprofit organization. All rights reserved.
eSpindle provides personalized spelling and vocabulary tutoring online; sign up free. Read more
eSpindle provides personalized spelling and vocabulary tutoring online; sign up free. Read more
Saunders Veterinary Dictionary
Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary 3rd Edition. Copyright © 2007 by D.C. Blood, V.P. Studdert and C.C. Gay, Elsevier. All rights reserved.
Read more
Random House Word Menu
© 2010 Write Brothers Inc. Word Menu is a registered trademark of the Estate of Stephen Glazier.
Write Brothers Inc.
All rights reserved.
Read more
Wikipedia on Answers.com
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article Bibliography.
Read more
