Black Kite

Black Kite
European Black Kite, Milvus migrans migrans
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Falconiformes (or Accipitriformes, q.v.)
Family:	Accipitridae
Genus:	Milvus
Species:	M. migrans
Binomial name
Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783)
Subspecies
5, see text
Black and Yellow-billed Kite ranges. Orange: summer only Green: all year Blue: winter only
Synonyms
Falco migrans Boddaert, 1783 Milvus affinis

The Black Kite (Milvus migrans) is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles, buzzards and harriers.

This kite is a widespread species throughout the temperate and tropical parts of Eurasia and parts of Australasia. Curiously, it is not found in the Indonesian archipelago between the South East Asian mainland and the Wallace Line. Vagrants, most likely of the Black-eared Kite, on occasion range far into the Pacific, out to the Hawaiian islands (AOU 2000).

European and central Asian birds (subspecies M. m. milvus and Black-eared Kite M. m. lineatus, respectively) are migratory, moving to the tropics in winter, but races in warmer regions such as the Indian M. m. govinda (Pariah Kite), or the Australasian M. m. affinis (Fork-tailed Kite), are resident.

In the northern winter, it is therefore common to have a resident race and a distinguishable migrant form present together in these hotter areas.

In the United Kingdom, the Black Kite occurs only as a wanderer on migration. These birds are usually of the nominate race, but in November 2006 a juvenile of the eastern lineatus, not previously recorded in western Europe, was found in Lincolnshire.

Black Kites will take small live prey as well as fish, household refuse and carrion. They are attracted to fires and smoke where they seek escaping insect prey. They are well adapted to living in cities and are found even in densely populated areas. Large numbers may be seen soaring in thermals over cities. In some places they will readily swoop to take to food held by humans, offered or not, and their habit of swooping to pick up dead rodents from roads often leads to them being hit by vehicles. They are also a major nuisance at some airports where they are considered important birdstrike hazards.

The Black Kite can be distinguished from the Red Kite by its slightly smaller size, less forked tail and generally dark plumage without any rufous.

The Black Kite nests in forest trees, often close to other kites. In winter, many kites will roost together.

Systematics

The Red Kite has been known to hybridize with the Black Kite (in captivity where both species were kept together, and in the wild on the Cape Verde Islands).

Recent DNA studies suggest that the yellow-billed, African races, parasitus and aegyptius, differ significantly from Black Kites in the Eurasian clade, and should be considered as a separate, allopatric species Yellow-billed Kite, M. aegyptius.^[1] They occur throughout Africa except for the Congo basin and the Sahara Desert.

On the other hand, the same study suggests that the Black-eared Kite (M. m. lineatus), sometimes separated as M. lineatus, is not sufficiently distinctive to justify specific status. As molecular information is much more reliable in this species than in the Red Kite^[2], the Black-eared Kite should be regarded a distinct allopatric subspecies.

Subspecies

• Milvus migrans migrans (Boddaert, 1783): European Black Kite

Breeds central, southern and eastern Europe to Tien Shan and south to northwest Pakistan. Winters in Sub-Saharan Africa.

• Milvus migrans lineatus (J. E. Gray, 1831): Black-eared Kite

Siberia to Amurland S around Himalaya to N India, N Indochina and S China; Japan. Northern inland birds migrate to E Persian Gulf coast and S Asia in winter.

• Milvus migrans govinda (Sykes, 1832): Pariah Kite

Eastern Pakistan east through tropical India and Sri Lanka to Indochina and Malay Peninsula. Resident.

• Milvus migrans affinis (Gould, 1838): Fork-tailed Kite

Sulawesi and possibly Lesser Sunda Islands; Papua New Guinea except mountains; NE and E Australia.

• Milvus migrans formosanus (Kuroda, 1920): Taiwan Kite

Taiwan and Hainan; resident.

Eulo, SW Queensland, Australia

Ecology

Black Kites in Spain prey on nestling waterfowl May to feed their young. Predation of nests of other pairs of Black Kites has also been noted.^[3] In India, the subspecies govinda shows large seasonal fluctuations with the highest numbers seen from July to October, after the Monsoons, and it has been suggested that they make local movements in response to high rainfall.^[4]

Various views and plumages

Milvus migrans in Hyderabad, India.	Milvus migrans govinda calling in Kolkata.	M. m. govinda calling in flight in Kolkata	M. m. govinda (Immature) in Kolkata
A Japanese black kite Japan

Notes

1. ^ Jeff A. Johnson, Richard T. Watson and David P. Mindell (2005) Prioritizing species conservation: does the Cape Verde kite exist? Proc. R. Soc. B 272:1365–1371 PDF fulltext
2. ^ Schreiber, Arnd; Stubbe, Michael & Stubbe, Annegret (2000): Red kite (Milvus milvus) and black kite (M. migrans): minute genetic interspecies distance of two raptors breeding in a mixed community (Falconiformes: Accipitridae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 69'(3): 351–365. doi:10.1006/bijl.1999.0365 (HTML abstract)
3. ^ Veiga, J. P. and Hiraldo, F. 1990. Food habits and the survival and growth of nestlings in two sympatric kites (Milvus milvus and Milvus migrans). Holarct. Ecol. 13:62-71.
4. ^ Mahabal, Anil & DB Bastawade (1985). "Population ecology and communal roosting behaviour of pariah kite Milvus migrans govinda in Pune (Maharashtra)". J. Bombay. Nat. Hist. Soc. 82 (2): 337–346. 

References

• American Ornithologists' Union (AOU) (2000): Forty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds. Auk 117(3): 847–858. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0847:FSSTTA]2.0.CO;2

• BirdLife International (2004). Milvus migrans. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 12 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern

• Crochet, Pierre-André (2005): Recent DNA studies of kites. Birding World 18(12): 486-488. HTML section list

External links

• Black Kite videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
• Ageing and sexing (PDF) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta

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