King Edward the First signed the Edict of Expulsion, driving all Jews from England in 1290. Jews were not readmitted until 1657. Over the previous 200 years, Jews in England had suffered under increasing persecution. Jews were generally forbidden to engage in any trades but money lending. In 1190, over 100 Jews were massacred in York because of the blood libel, the rumor that Jews slaughtered Christian children to get their blood as an ingredient needed to bake Passover matzah. Ruinous taxes were imposed on Jews starting in 1219, and in 1253 King Edward endorsed the blood libel. Forcing Jews to sell their assets at deep discounts before they fled was very profitable. Wealthy nobles used their cash to buy up the debts of minor nobles, consolidating their power and eliminating their competition.