board game

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A board game is a game in which counters or pieces that are placed on, removed from, or moved across a "board" (a premarked surface usually specific to that game). Like other forms of entertainment, board games can represent nearly any subject.

There are many different types and styles of board games, including those, at the most-basic level, that have no inherent theme—such as Checkers—as well as more-complicated games with definite subjects, or even narratives, such as Cluedo.

History

Senet is among the oldest known board games.

Another game board found in the Jiroft civilization.

Board games have been played in most cultures and societies throughout history; some even pre-date literacy skill development in the earliest civilizations.^{[citation needed]} A number of important historical sites, artifacts and documents exist which shed light on early board games. Some of these include:

• The Jiroft civilization game boards
• Senet has been found in Predynastic and First Dynasty burials of Egypt, c. 3500 BC and 3100 BC respectively.^[1] Senet is the oldest board game known to have existed, and was pictured in a fresco found in Merknera's tomb (3300-2700 BC).^[2]
• Mehen is another ancient board game from Predynastic Egypt.
• Go is an ancient strategic board game originating in China
• Patolli is a board game originating in Mesoamerica, and was played by the ancient Mayans.
• The Royal Tombs of Ur contained, among others, the Royal Game of Ur. They were excavated by Leonard Woolley, but his books document little on the games found. Most of the games he excavated are now housed in the British Museum in London.
• The Buddha games list is the earliest known list of games.

Timeline

• c. 3500 BC: Jiroft civilization The layout on the holes on the "eagle" is identical to the layout of some twenty-square boards used in ancient Egypt, where the game, known as Aseb, was sometimes put on the other side of case-style Senet boards.^{[citation needed]}
• c. 3500 BC: Senet found under Predynastic Egyptian burials;^[1] also depicted in the tomb of Merknera.
• c. 3000 BC: The Mehen board game from Predynastic Egypt, was played with lion-shaped gamepieces and marbles.
• c. 3000 BC: Ancient backgammon set, found in the Burnt City in Iran^[3]
• c. 2560 BC: Board of the Royal Game of Ur (found at Ur Tombs)
• c. 2500 BC: Paintings of Senet and Han being played depicted in the tomb of Rashepes^{[citation needed]}
• c. 2000 BC: Drawing in a tomb at Benihassan depicting two unknown board games being played (depicted in Falkner). It has been suggested that the second of these is Tau.^{[citation needed]}
• c. 1500 BC: Painting of board game at Knossos.^[4]
• c. 1400 BC: Game boards including alquerque, Nine Men's Morris, and a possible Mancala board etched on the roof of the Kurna temple. (Source: Fiske, and Bell)^{[citation needed]}
• c. 500 BC: The Buddha games list mentions board games played on 8 or 10 rows.

Chaturaji, played in India, starting position. Pieces with different colors (some shown as inverted) were used for each of four sides.

• c. 500 BC: The earliest reference to Chaturaji or Pachisi written in the Mahabharata, the Indian epic.
• c. 400 BC: Two ornately decorated Liubo game boards from a royal tomb of the State of Zhongshan in China.^[5]
• 116-27 BC: Marcus Terentius Varro's Lingua Latina X (II, par. 20) contains earliest known reference to Latrunculi^[6] (often confused with Ludus Duodecim Scriptorum, Ovid's game mentioned below).
• 1 BC-8 AD: Ovid's Ars Amatoria contains earliest known reference to Ludus Duodecim Scriptorum.
• c. 200 AD: A stone Go/Weiqi board with a 17×17 grid from a tomb at Wangdu County in Hebei, China.^[7].
• 220-265: Backgammon enters China under the name t'shu-p'u (Source: Hun Tsun Sii).^{[citation needed]}
• c. 400 onwards: Tafl games played in Northern Europe.^{[citation needed]}

Chaturanga: played in India.The position of the pieces at the start of a game.[8] Note that the Ràjas do not face each other; the white Ràja starts on e1 and the black Ràja on d8.

Ashtāpada, the uncheckered 8x8 board, sometimes with special markers, on which Chaturanga was played.

• c. 600 The earliest references to Chaturanga written in Subandhu's Vasavadatta and Banabhatta's Harsha Charitha early Indian books.^{[citation needed]}
• c. 600: The earliest reference to Chatrang written in Karnamak-i-Artakhshatr-i-Papakan.^{[citation needed]}
• c. 1930: Monopoly stabilises into the version that is currently popular.
• 1957: Risk is released.
• c. 1980: German-style board games begin to develop as a genre.

Many board games are now available as computer games, which can include the computer itself as one of several players, or as sole opponent. The rise of computer use is one of the reasons said to have led to a relative decline in board games.^{[citation needed]} Many board games can now be played online against a computer and/or other players. Some websites allow play in real time and immediately show the opponents' moves, while others use email to notify the players after each move (see the links at the end of this article).^{[citation needed]}

Some board games make use of components in addition to—or instead of—a board and playing pieces. Some games use CDs, video cassettes, and, more recently, DVDs in accompaniment to the game.^{[citation needed]}

Psychology

While there has been a fair amount of scientific research on the psychology of older board games (e.g., chess, Go, mancala), less has been done on contemporary board games such as Monopoly, Scrabble, and Risk.^[9]. Much research has been carried out on chess, in part because many tournament players are publicly ranked in national and international lists, which makes it possible precisely to compare their levels of expertise. The works of Adriaan de Groot, William Chase, and Herbert Simon have established that knowledge, more than the ability to anticipate moves, plays an essential role in chess-playing. This seems to be the case in other traditional games such as Go and Oware (a type of mancala game), but data is lacking in regard to contemporary board games.^{[citation needed]} Bruce Halpenny, a games inventor said when interviewed about his game, “With crime you deal with every basic human emotion and also have enough elements to combine action with melodrama. The player’s imagination is fired as they plan to rob the train. Because of the gamble they take in the early stage of the game there is a build up of tension, which is immediately released once the train is robbed. Release of tension is therapeutic and useful in our society, because most jobs are boring and repetitive.”^[10]

Luck, strategy and diplomacy

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One way to categorize board games is to distinguish those based primarily upon luck from those that involve significant strategy. Some games, such as chess, are almost entirely deterministic (the first person to make a move having a slight advantage), relying on the strategy element for their interest. Children's games, on the other hand, tend to be very luck-based, with games such as Sorry!, Candy Land and Snakes and ladders having virtually no decisions to be made. Most board games involve both luck and strategy. A player may be hampered by a few poor rolls of the dice in Risk or Monopoly, but over many games a player with a superior strategy will win more often. While some purists consider luck to not be a desirable component of a game, others counter that elements of luck can make for far more diverse and multi-faceted strategies as concepts such as expected value and risk management must be considered.

The third important factor in a game is diplomacy, or players making deals with each other. A game of solitaire, for obvious reasons, has no player interaction. Two player games usually do not have diplomacy, with Lord of the Rings being a notable exception where players compete against an automatic opponent (see cooperative games). Thus, this generally applies only to games played with three or more people. An important facet of The Settlers of Catan, for example, is convincing people to trade with you rather than with other players. In Risk, one example of diplomacy's effectiveness is when two or more players team up against others. Easy diplomacy consists of convincing other players that someone else is winning and should therefore be teamed up against. Difficult diplomacy (such as in the aptly named game Diplomacy) consists of making elaborate plans together, with possibility of betrayal.

Luck is introduced to a game by a number of methods. The most popular is using dice, generally six-sided. These can determine everything from how many steps a player moves their token, as in Monopoly, to how their forces fare in battle, such as in Risk, or which resources a player gains, such as in The Settlers of Catan. Other games such as Sorry! use a deck of special cards that, when shuffled, create randomness. Scrabble does something similar with randomly picked letters. Other games use spinners, timers of random length, or other sources of randomness. Trivia games have a great deal of randomness based on the questions a person gets. German-style board games are notable for often having rather less of a luck factor than many North American board games.

Common terms

Carcassonne tokens, or meeples

Although many board games have a jargon all their own, there is a generalized terminology to describe concepts applicable to basic game mechanics and attributes common to nearly all board games.

• Game board (or simply board)—the (usually quadrilateral) surface on which one plays a board game; the namesake of the board game, gameboards are a necessary and sufficient condition of the genre. Most games use a standardized and unchanging board (chess, Go, and backgammon all have such a board), but many games use a modular board whose component tiles or cards can assume varying layouts from one session to another, or even as the game is played.
• Game piece (or counter or token or bit or mover)—a player's representative on the game board. Each player may control one or more game pieces. In some games that involve commanding multiple game pieces, such as chess, certain pieces have unique designations and capabilities within the parameters of the game; in others, such as Go, all pieces controlled by a player have the same essential capabilities. In some modern board games, such as Clue, there are other pieces that are not a player's representative, i.e. weapons. In some games, pieces may not represent or belong to a particular player.
• Jump—to bypass one or more game pieces and/or spaces. Depending on the context, jumping may also involve capturing or conquering an opponent's game piece. (See also: Game mechanic: capture)
• Space (or square)—a physical unit of progress on a gameboard delimited by a distinct border. Alternately, a unique, atomic position on the board on which a game piece may be located while in play (in Go, for example, the pieces are placed on intersections of lines on the grid, not in the areas bounded by the grid lines as is seen in chess). (See also: Game mechanic: Movement)
• Hex—in hexagon-based board games, this is the common term for a standard space on the board. This is most often used in wargaming, though some abstract strategy games such as Abalone use hexagonal layouts.
• Card—a piece of cardboard on which instructions are given
• Deck—a stack of cards
• Capture—a method in which one removes another players game piece from the board, for example: in checkers if you jump another player's piece, that piece is captured.

Categories

There are a number of different categories that board games can be broken up into. The following is a list of some of the most common:

• Abstract strategy games like chess, checkers, Arimaa, irensei, Pacru or go
• German-style board games, or Eurogames, like The Settlers of Catan or Puerto Rico
• Race games like parchisi or backgammon
• Roll-and-move games, like Monopoly or Life
• Trivia games, like Trivial Pursuit
• Wargames, ranging from Risk to Advanced Squad Leader
• Word games, like Scrabble

See also

• Card game
• DVD games
• List of board games
• List of game manufacturers
• Tabletop game

References

Further reading

• Austin, Roland G. "Greek Board Games." Antiquity 14. September 1940: 257–271
• Bell, Robert Charles. The Boardgame Book. London: Bookthrift Company, 1979.
• Bell, Robert Charles. Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 1980. ISBN 0-486-23855-5
  • Reprint: New York: Exeter Books, 1983.
• Falkener, Edward. Games Ancient and Oriental, and How To Play Them. Longmans, Green and Co., 1892.
• Fiske, Willard. Chess in Iceland and in Icelandic Literature—with historical notes on other table-games). Florentine Typographical Society, 1905.
• Gobet, Fernand, de Voogt, Alex, & Retschitzki, Jean (2004). Moves in mind: The psychology of board games. Psychology Press. ISBN 1841693367. 
• Murray, Harold James Ruthven. A History of Chess. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1913.
• Murray, Harold James Ruthven. A History of Board-Games Other Than Chess. Gardners Books, 1969.
• Parlett, David. Oxford History of Board Games. Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-212998-8
• Rollefson, Gary O., "A Neolithic Game Board from Ain Ghazal, Jordan," Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 286. (May, 1992), pp. 1-5.
• Sackson, Sid. A Gamut of Games. Arrow Books, 1983. ISBN 0-09-153340-6
  • Reprint: Dover Publications, 1992. ISBN 0-486-27347-4
• Schmittberger, R. Wayne. New Rules for Classic Games. John Wiley & Sons, 1992. ISBN 0-471-53621-0
  • Reprint: Random House Value Publishing, 1994. ISBN 0-517-12955-8

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Board games

• Board Games at the Open Directory Project
• Board Game Geek
• International Society for Board Game Studies
• Mancala board games: oware, bao and others
• Alfonso X El Sabio, The book of games