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boat

 
Dictionary: boat   (bōt) pronunciation
 
Home > Library > Literature & Language > Dictionary
n.
    1. A relatively small, usually open craft of a size that might be carried aboard a ship.
    2. An inland vessel of any size.
    3. A ship or submarine.
  2. A dish shaped like a boat: a sauce boat.

v., boat·ed, boat·ing, boats.

v.intr.
  1. To travel by boat.
  2. To ride a boat for pleasure.
v.tr.
  1. To transport by boat.
  2. To place in a boat.
idiom:

in the same boat

  1. In the same situation as another or others.

[Middle English bot, from Old English bāt.]


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US Military Dictionary: boat
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n. 1. a small vessel propelled on water by oars, sails, or an engine: a fishing boat | a boat trip.

2. (in general use) a ship of any size.

See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.

 
Columbia Encyclopedia: boat
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boat, small, open nautical vessel propelled by sail, oar, pole, paddle, or motor. The use of the term boat for larger vessels, although common, is somewhat improper, but the line between boats and ships is not easy to draw. A number of special types of boat are generally referred to by their individual names rather than by the generic term, e.g., the canoe, the kayak (Eskimo decked canoe), and the umiak (Eskimo open boat). Simple dugouts, made from hollowed-out logs, have been known since prehistoric times to all peoples dwelling on waterways. The ancient Egyptians used boats made of acacia wood and held together with pegs. Modern wooden boats are built in four ways: with fore-and-aft planks laid with their edges flush (carvel-built); with fore-and-aft planks laid with overlapping edges (clinker-built); with inner and outer layers of planks running diagonally in opposite directions; and with planking consisting of large sheets of plywood. Many boats, however, are now made of molded fiberglass or of aluminum. Primitive boats in many parts of the world are stabilized by an outrigger—a parallel float attached by projecting arms. The varieties of boats in modern use are almost infinite. The Chinese junk, with high poop and overhanging bow, is large enough to be classified as a ship; the junk, together with the sampan (a wide, flat-bottomed skiff, often having a mat-covered cabin with living quarters), is a familiar sight in the rivers and coastal waters of East Asia. The lateen-rigged dhow, in which energetic Arab merchants of the Middle Ages plied their trade along all the shores of S Asia and E Africa, is still in use today. A familiar local craft on the Mediterranean is the flat-bottomed, canoelike, pole-driven gondola of the Venetian canals. A typical Mediterranean vessel of ancient times was the galley, usually propelled by oars. Because the northern seas were stormier, the Viking boats, which the Norsemen were building by the 5th cent. A.D., were more seaworthy; they were believed to be the first clinker-built boats. Deckless or half-decked, with elevated bow and stern, these early boats took the Norsemen to all the coasts of Europe and across the Atlantic. The later rugged whaleboat was developed from the Viking type of construction and came to be used for numerous purposes. The fishing boats of the North and Baltic seas, also built on Viking principles, are roughly similar to whaleboats. Another important fishing boat is the dory, a small, versatile, flat-bottomed craft easily transported on shipboard and used in the entire N Atlantic.

Bibliography

For bibliography, see separate articles on various types of boats.

 
Boating Encyclopedia: Boat
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A yacht by any other name would sound just as sweet
There is some confusion about exactly what constitutes a boat.Webster’s New World Dictionary, Second College Edition, gives these definitions: “1. a small open vessel or watercraft propelled by oars, sails, or engine. 2. a large vessel; ship: landsman’s term.” (One shouldn’t scoff too much, of course. That does at least narrow it down to the fact that a boat is either a small vessel or a large one.)The Concise Oxford Dictionary is a little less confused: “1. small, open, oared or engined or sailing vessel, fishing vessel, mail packet, or small steamer.”The Encyclopedia of Nautical Knowledge describes a yacht as “the term usually given to small craft, although lake, river, and excursion vessels, also ferries, regardless of build or means of propulsion, are generally called boats. As distinguished from a vessel, a boat has no continuous deck . . . ”The Encyclopedia Britannica described it in 1771 as “a fmall open veffel, commonly wrought by rowing.”Chapman Piloting: Seamanship and Small Boat Handling freely admits that “The term has no precise definition” and then goes on to define it quite precisely: “It is a waterborne vehicle smaller than a ship . . . one definition of a boat is a small craft, such as a lifeboat, carried on board a ship. Many consider a boat as being not over 65 feet in length. Another dividing point might be 65.7 feet (20 meters) as used in the Navigation Rules.”The body that develops and publishes safe standards for the boatbuilding industry calls itself the American Boat and Yacht Council (ABYC), thereby drawing an undefined distinction between boats and yachts.In any case, for our purposes a boat is what a yacht used to be before that term fell out of favor. Yachts are not much referred to in these enlightened times because no politically correct term has been found to replace the gender-specific yachtsman. We talk now not of yachts and yachtsmen but of boats and boaters, and we do our best to forget that the dictionary definition of a boater is “a stiff hat of braided straw, with a flat crown and brim.”See also Dinghies

 
Marine Corps Dictionary: Boat
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Any small vessel incapable of making regular independent voyages on the high seas. Traditionally, a submarine.

 
Word Tutor: boat
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pronunciation

IN BRIEF: A small vessel used to travel on water.

pronunciation We may have all come on different ships, but we are in the same boat now. — Martin Luther King Jr., (1929-1968), American civil rights leader, clergyman, youngest recipient of Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.

 
Wikipedia: Boat
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For other uses, see Boat (disambiguation).
Severn class lifeboat in Poole Harbour, Dorset, England. This is the largest class of UK lifeboat at 17 metres long
A boat ambulance in Venice Italy.

A boat is a watercraft of modest size designed to float or plane on water, and provide lift over it. Usually this water will be inland (lakes) or in protected coastal areas. However, boats such as the whaleboat were designed to be operated from a ship in an offshore environment. In naval terms, a boat is something small enough to be carried aboard another vessel (a ship). Some boats too large for the naval definition include the Great Lakes freighter, riverboat, narrowboat and ferryboat.

Contents

History

A boat in an Egyptian tomb painting from about 1450 BCE

Boats have served as short distance transportation since early times.[1] Circumstantial evidence, such as the early settlement of Australia over 40,000 years ago, suggests that boats have been used since very ancient times. The earliest boats have been predicted[2] to be logboats The oldest boats to be found by archaeological excavation are logboats from around 7,000-9,000 years ago,[3] [4] though a 7,000 year-old seagoing boat made from reeds and tar has been found in Kuwait.[5]

Being more capacious than carts and wagons, and suitable for both land and grass, boats were used between 4000BCE-3000BCE in Sumer,[1] ancient Egypt[6] and in the Indian Ocean.[1]

Boats played an important part in the commerce between the Indus Valley Civilization and Mesopotamia.[7] Evidence of varying models of boats has also been discovered in various Indus Valley sites.[8]

The accounts of historians Herodotus, Pliny the Elder, and Strabo suggest that boats were being used for commerce and traveling.[8]

Uses

Boats are used:

  • by the government: military of a country (called a Navy), coast guard, or police
  • by commercial shipping and Merchant Marine to transport goods
  • by leisure yachtsmen (sailboats or motor yachts)
  • by criminals called pirates, pirates that operate with government sanction are called privateers

Types

Main article: List of boat types
A tug boat, used for towing or pushing other, larger, vessels.

Boats can be categorised into three types:

Unpowered boats include rafts and floats meant for one-way downstream travel. Human-powered boats include canoes, kayaks, gondolas and boats propelled by poles like a punt. Sailing boats are boats which are propelled solely by means of sails. Motorboats are boats which are propelled by mechanical means, such as engines.

Parts and terminology

For more details on this topic, see Glossary of nautical terms.
Aluminum flat-bottomed boats ashore for storage.

Several key components make up the main structure of most boats. The hull is the main structural component of the boat which provides buoyancy for the boat. The roughly horizontal, but chambered structures spanning the hull of the boat are referred to as the deck. In a ship there are often several decks, but a boat is unlikely to have more than one, if any at all. Above the deck are the superstructures. The underside of a deck is the deck head.

An enclosed space on a boat is referred to as a cabin. Several structures make up a cabin: the similar but usually lighter structure which spans a raised cabin is a coach-roof. The "floor" of a cabin is properly known as the sole, but is more likely to be called the floor (a floor is properly, a structural member which ties a frame to the keelson and keel). The vertical surfaces dividing the internal space are bulkheads.

The keel is a lengthwise structural member to which the frames are fixed (sometimes referred to as a backbone).

The front (or forward end) of a boat is called the bow. Boats of earlier times often featured a figurehead protruding from the front of the bows. The rear (or aft end) of the boat is called the stern. The right side (facing forward) is starboard and the left side is port.

Building materials

See also: Boat building
A ship's lifeboat, built of steel, rusting away in the wetlands of Folly Island, South Carolina, United States.

Until the mid 19th century most boats were of all natural materials; primarily wood although reed, bark and animal skins were also used. Early boats include the bound-reed style of boat seen in Ancient Eqypt, the birch bark canoe, the animal hide-covered kayak and coracle and the dugout canoe made from a single log. By the mid 19th century, many boats had been built with iron or steel frames but still planked in wood. In 1855 ferro-cement boat construction was patented by the French. They called it Ferciment. This is a system by which a steel or iron wire framework is built in the shape of a boat's hull and covered (troweled) over with cement. Reinforced with bulkheads and other internal structure it is strong but heavy, easily repaired, and, if sealed properly, will not leak or corrode. These materials and methods were copied all over the world, and have faded in and out of popularity to the present. As the forests of Britain and Europe continued to be over-harvested to supply the keels of larger wooden boats, and the Bessemer process (patented in 1855) cheapened the cost of steel, steel ships and boats began to be more common. By the 1930s boats built of all steel from frames to plating were seen replacing wooden boats in many industrial uses, even the fishing fleets. Private recreational boats in steel are uncommon. In the mid 20th century aluminum gained popularity. Though much more expensive than steel, there are now aluminum alloys available that will not corrode in salt water, and an aluminum boat built to similar load carrying standards could be built lighter than steel.

A wooden boat operating near shore.

Around the mid 1960s, boats made out of glass-reinforced plastic, more commonly known as fiberglass, became popular, especially for recreational boats. The United States Coast Guard refers to such boats as 'FRP' (for Fiber Reinforced Plastic) boats.

Fiberglass boats are extremely strong, and do not rust (iron oxide), corrode, or rot. They are, however susceptible to structural degradation from sunlight and extremes in temperature over their lifespan. Fiberglass provides structural strength, especially when long woven strands are laid, sometimes from bow to stern, and then soaked in epoxy or polyester resin to form the hull of the boat. Whether hand laid or built in a mold, FRP boats usually have an outer coating of gelcoat which is a thin solid colored layer of polyester resin that adds no structural strength, but does create a smooth surface which can be buffed to a high shine and also acts as a protective layer against sunlight. FRP structures can be made stiffer with sandwich panels, where the FRP encloses a lightweight core such as balsa or foam. Cored FRP is most often found in decking which helps keep down weight that will be carried above the waterline. The addition of wood makes the cored structure of the boat susceptible to rotting which puts a greater emphasis on not allowing damaged sandwich structures to go unrepaired. Plastic based foam cores are less vulnerable. The phrase 'advanced composites' in FRP construction may indicate the addition of carbon fiber, kevlar(tm) or other similar materials, but it may also indicate other methods designed to introduce less expensive and, by at least one yacht surveyor's eyewitness accounts[9], less structurally sound materials.

Cold molding is similar to FRP in as much as it involves the use of epoxy or polyester resins, but the structural component is wood instead of fiberglass. In cold molding very thin strips of wood are laid over a form or mold in layers. This layer is then coated with resin and another directionally alternating layer is laid on top. In some processes the subsequent layers are stapled or otherwise mechanically fastened to the previous layers, but in other processes the layers are weighted or even vacuum bagged to hold layers together while the resin sets. Layers are built up thus to create the required thickness of hull.

People have even made their own boats or watercraft out of materials such as foam or plastic, but most homebuilts today are built of plywood and either painted or covered in a layer of fiberglass and resin.

Propulsion

The most common means are:

The Wanli Emperor enjoying a boat ride on a river with an entourage of guards and courtiers in this Ming Dynasty Chinese painting.

Track-driven propulsion

The water caterpillar boat propulsion system (Popular Science Monthly, December 1918, p68)

An early uncommon means of boat propulsion was referred to as the water caterpillar which is similar in construction to paddles on a conveyor belt and preceded the development of tracked vehicles such as military tanks and earth moving equipment. A series of paddles on chains moved across the bottom of the boat to propel it across the water.[10]

The first water caterpillar was developed by Desblancs in 1782 and propelled by a steam engine. In the United States the first water caterpillar was patented in 1839 by William Leavenworth of New York.

Buoyancy

See also: Buoyancy

A boat stays afloat because its weight is equal to that of the water it displaces. The material of the boat itself may be heavier than water (per volume), but it forms only the outer layer. Inside it is air, which is negligible in weight. But it does add to the volume. The central term here is density, which is mass per volume. The mass of the boat (plus contents) as a whole has to be divided by the volume below the waterline. If the boat floats, then that is equal to the density of water (1 kg/l). To the water it is as if there is water there because the average density is the same. If weight is added to the boat, the volume below the waterline will have to increase too, to keep the mass/weight balance equal, so the boat sinks a little to compensate.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Denemark 2000, page 208
  2. ^ McGrail, Sean (2001). Boats of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 11. ISBN 0-19-814468-7. 
  3. ^ "Oldest Boat Unearthed". China.org.cn. http://lanzhou.china.com.cn/english/travel/50131.htm. Retrieved on 2008-05-05. 
  4. ^ McGrail, Sean (2001). Boats of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 431. ISBN 0-19-814468-7. 
  5. ^ Lawler, Andrew (June 7, 2002). "Report of Oldest Boat Hints at Early Trade Routes". Science (AAAS) 296 (5574): 1791–1792. doi:10.1126/science.296.5574.1791. PMID 12052936. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/296/5574/1791. Retrieved on 2008-05-05. 
  6. ^ McGrail, Sean (2001). Boats of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 0-19-814468-7. 
  7. ^ McGrail 2004, page 251
  8. ^ a b McGrail 2004, pages 50-51
  9. ^ Are They Fiberglass Boats Anymore? by David Pascoe, Marine Surveyor
  10. ^ The Caterpillar Is Now Being Applied to Ships, Popular Science monthly, December 1918, page 68, Scanned by Google Books: http://books.google.com/books?id=EikDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68

References

  • Denemark, Robert Allen; el al. (2000). World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change. Routledge :3 . ISBN 0415232767.
  • McGrail, Sean (2004). Boats of the World: From the Stone Age to Medieval Times :3. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199271860.

External links

Sister project Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Boat
Sister project Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Boats


This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

 
Essential Desk Reference: Boats: Chronology
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c.6000 BC

In Africa, wooden dugout boats are built.

c.5000 BC

Earliest evidence of wood-plank construction of boats

c.4500 BC

In Mesopotamia, boats are made of wood frames covered with bark or animal skins.

c.4000 BC

In China, flat bamboo rafts are built.

c.3300 BC

Early Egyptian boats have one square sail and one row of oarsmen. As Egyptians begin navigating the Mediterranean Sea, they develop long, narrow warships with two rows of oarsmen; they also develop rounder ships to transport cargo.

c.3000 BC

Earliest evidence of rudders

c.700 BC

In Greece, the trireme (a warship with three levels of oarsmen) is invented.

800s AD

In northern Europe, lapstrake boat construction is developed; in lap-strake construction, overlapping wood planks are attached to the boat frame with lashings or nails.

800s

Byzantines build carvel-planked ships; in carvel-plank construction, wood planks are nailed to the frame edge-to-edge instead of overlapping.

1200s

Most Mediterranean sailing ships now have two masts.

1300s

Italians build ships with three decks.

1400s

Chinese junks are the most sophisticated and most seaworthy ships in the world.

c.1540

The galleon, powered solely by sail, is introduced.

1783

In France, the first steam-powered paddleboat is built.

1814

The first steam-powered warship is built.

1838

The British ship Archimedes is the first propeller-driven steamship.

1838

The ship Sirius is the first large passenger ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean using only steam power; it crosses the Atlantic in 18 days.

1840s

The iron hull is developed.

1843

The Great Britain is the first propeller-powered ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean.

1853

The Monumental City, a paddle wheeler, is the first steamship to cross the Pacific Ocean, traveling from San Francisco to Sydney, Australia.

1857

The British steamship Great Eastern is built; constructed of iron, it weighs 18,000 tons and is 693 feet long.

1861

In the United States, the first tanker (Elizabeth Watts) is built; it carries oil in wooden barrels from Pennsylvania to London.

1869

The clipper ship Cutty Sark is introduced.

1880s

Boat builders begin using internal-combustion inboard engines. 1884 In England, Sir Charles Parsons introduces the steam turbine.

1891

The aluminum boat is introduced in Europe.

1910s

Boat builders begin using outboard motors.

1918

Alexander Graham Bell and Casey Baldwin invent the hydrofoil, which reaches a speed of 70 miles per hour; the hydrofoil has fins on its hull that create hydrodynamic pressure, allowing the boat to be lifted out of the water when in motion.

1918

In the United States, boat builders begin using plywood construction; plywood boats are either paneled or molded.

1922

The United States Navy builds its first aircraft carrier.

1952

The ocean liner United States crosses the Atlantic Ocean in 3 days, 10 hours.

1959

The first hovercraft crosses the English Channel in two hours; the hovercraft travels on a cushion of air, not coming into contact with water when in motion.

1970s

The surface-piercing propeller is introduced.

Image Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2000. “Boats and Boatbuilding,” www.encarta.msn.com
Mount, Ellis, and Barbara A. List. Milestones in Science and Technology. Phoenix: Oryx, 1994.
Wetterau, Bruce. The New York Public Library Book of Chronologies. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990.


 
Misspellings: boat
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Common misspelling(s) of boat

  • boaut

 
Translations: Boat
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Dansk (Danish)
n. - båd, skib, fartøj
v. intr. - sejle, ro

idioms:

  • boat people    bådflygtninge
  • boat train    bådtog
  • in the same boat    i samme båd

Nederlands (Dutch)
boot, schip, (saus)kom, vaartuig, varen, roeien, verschepen

Français (French)
n. - navire, bâtiment, vaisseau, paquebot, barque, canot, chaloupe, voilier, chaland, péniche
v. intr. - aller faire une partie de canot

idioms:

  • boat people    boat people
  • boat train    train (qui assure la correspondance avec le ferry)
  • in the same boat    (fig) (être) dans le même bateau

Deutsch (German)
n. - Boot, Schiff
v. - Boot fahren, rudern, in einem Boot unterbringen

idioms:

  • boat people    Bootsflüchtlinge
  • boat train    Zug mit Schiffsanschluß
  • in the same boat    im gleichen Boot

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - βάρκα, καϊκι, πλοιάριο, καράβι, πλοίο, σαλτσιέρα (σχήματος βάρκας)

idioms:

  • boat people    πρόσφυγες πάνω σε βάρκες
  • boat train    τρένο ανταπόκρισης πλοίου
  • in the same boat    στην ίδια μοίρα

Italiano (Italian)
barca, lancia

idioms:

  • boat people    profughi di mare
  • boat train    treno traghetto
  • float someone's boat    difendere la causa di qualcuno
  • in the same boat    sulla stessa barca

Português (Portuguese)
n. - barco (m)

idioms:

  • boat people    pessoas (f pl) que deixam seu país de barco em busca de asilo político
  • boat train    trem (m) para transporte de passageiros nos portos
  • in the same boat    na mesma situação
  • push the boat out    gastar mais do que o normal para tornar uma situação bastante agradável
  • rock the boat    estragar as coisas (gír.)

Русский (Russian)
лодка, шлюпка

idioms:

  • boat people    люди бежавшие морем от преследования
  • boat train    поезд согласованный с пароходом, поезд кот. доставляет пассажиров на пароход
  • float someone's boat    снимать с мели, пустить в ход
  • in the same boat    в одинаковом положении
  • push the boat out    щедро принимать и угощать
  • rock the boat    причинять неприятности

Español (Spanish)
n. - barco, bote, lancha, barca
v. intr. - poner, llevar, o atravesar en bote

idioms:

  • boat people    refugiados que huyeron de un país en bote
  • boat train    tren que enlaza con un barco
  • in the same boat    remar en la misma galera, estar en el mismo caso

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - båt, skål, rökelseskål

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
船, 划船, 荡桨, 乘船游玩

idioms:

  • boat people    船工, 乘船出逃的难民, 船民
  • boat train    配合船期之列车
  • in the same boat    处境相同

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 船
v. intr. - 划船, 蕩槳, 乘船遊玩

idioms:

  • boat people    船工, 乘船出逃的難民, 船民
  • boat train    配合船期之列車
  • in the same boat    處境相同

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 보트
v. intr. - 배로 가다, 뱃놀이 하다

idioms:

  • in the same boat    같은 처지에 있는

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - ボート, 小舟, 船, 汽船, 船形の容器
v. - ボートに乗る

idioms:

  • boat people    漂流難民
  • boat train    臨港列車

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) زورق, قارب‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮סירה, שייט בסירה, קערה (דמויית-סירה)‬
v. intr. - ‮שט בסירה (בייחוד להנאה)‬

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