bog
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(bôg, bŏg) 
n.
v., bogged, bog·ging, bogs. v.tr.
To cause to sink in or as if in a bog: We worried that the heavy rain across the prairie would soon bog our car. Don't bog me down in this mass of detail.
v.intr.
To be hindered and slowed.
boggy bog'gy adj.
n.
- An area having a wet, spongy, acidic substrate composed chiefly of sphagnum moss and peat in which characteristic shrubs and herbs and sometimes trees usually grow.
- Any of certain other wetland areas, such as a fen, having a peat substrate. Also called peat bog.
- An area of soft, naturally waterlogged ground.
v., bogged, bog·ging, bogs. v.tr.
To cause to sink in or as if in a bog: We worried that the heavy rain across the prairie would soon bog our car. Don't bog me down in this mass of detail.
v.intr.
To be hindered and slowed.
[Irish Gaelic bogach, from bog, soft.]
bogginess bog'gi·ness n.boggy bog'gy adj.
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Who would have thought a book could survive in a bog (soft watery ground) for a millennium? But apparently the Book of Psalms really is timeless:
"Ireland's National Museum said Wednesday that a 1,200-year-old Book of Psalms found by a construction worker in a bog was comparable in archaeological significance to 'an Irish equivalent to the Dead Sea Scrolls.'"
Link: 1,200-year-old Book of Psalms unearthed in Irish bog - International Herald Tribune
Posted July 27, 2006.
See our Word Overheard blog to see interesting uses of strange words. 
Nutrient-poor, acid peatlands with a vegetation in which peat mosses (Sphagnum spp.), ericaceous dwarf shrubs, and to a lesser extent, various sedges (Cyperaceae) play a prominent role. The terms muskeg, moor, heath, and moss are used locally to indicate these sites. See also Muskeg.
Bogs are most abundant in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in a broad belt including the northern part of the deciduous forest zone and the central and southern parts of the boreal forest zone. Farther south, and in drier climates farther inland, they become sporadic and restricted to specialized habitats. To the north, peatlands controlled by mineral soil water (aapa mires) replace them as the dominant wetlands.
Bogs are much less extensive in the Southern Hemisphere because there is little land in cold temperate latitudes. In these Southern Hemisphere peatlands, Sphagnum is much less important, and Epacridaceae and Restionaceae replace the Ericaceae and Cyperaceae of the Northern Hemisphere.
Bogs have a fibric, poorly decomposed peat consisting primarily of the remains of Sphagnum. Peat accumulation is the result of an excess of production over decomposition. Obviously, the very presence of bogs shows that production exceeded decay over the entire period of bog formation. However, in any given bog present production can exceed, equal, or be less than decomposition, depending on whether it is actively developing, in equilibrium, or eroding. In most bogs, production and decomposition appear to be in equilibrium at present.
Slow decay rather than high productivity causes the accumulation of peat. Decomposition of organic matter in peat bogs is slow due to the high water table, which causes the absence of oxygen in most of the peat mass, and to the low fertility of the peat. Bogs, in contrast to other peatlands, can accumulate organic matter far above the groundwater table.
Bogs show large geographic differences in floristic composition, surface morphology, and development. Blanket bogs, plateau bogs, domed bogs, and flat bogs represent a series of bog types with decreasing climatic humidity. Concentric patterns of pools and strings (peat dams) become more common and better developed northward. Continental bogs are often forest-covered, whereas oceanic bogs are dominated by dwarf shrub heaths and sedge lawns, with forests restricted to the bog slope if the climate is not too severe.
Bogs have long been used as a source of fuel. In Ireland and other parts of western Europe, the harvesting of peat for domestic fuel and reclamation for agriculture and forestry have affected most of the peatlands, and few undisturbed bogs are left. Other uses are for horticultural peat, air layering in greenhouses, litter for poultry and livestock, and various chemical and pharmaceutical purposes. Mechanical extraction of peat for horticultural purposes has affected large bog areas worldwide. See also Biomass; Swamp, marsh, and bog.
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noun
- A usually low-lying area of soft waterlogged ground and standing water: fen, marsh, marshland, mire, morass, muskeg, quag, quagmire, slough, swamp, swampland, wetland. See dry/wet.
verb
- To interfere with the progress of. encumber, hinder, hold back, impede, obstruct. Idioms: get in the way of. See help/harm/harmless, open/close.
Wet, soft, and spongy ground, where the soil is composed mainly of decayed and decaying vegetable matter.
[Ge]
A general term often used rather indiscriminately to describe permanent wetland in which communities of plants grow on generally rather acid waterlogged ground. See blanket bog, topogenous bog, AND ombrogenous bog. Compare fen.
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bog, very old lake without inlet or outlet that becomes acid and is gradually overgrown with a characteristic vegetation (see swamp). Peat moss, or sphagnum, grows around the edge of the open water of a bog (peat is obtained from old bogs) and out on the surface. With its continued growth, the moss forms a mat on the water in which other bog plants find a foothold, and humus and soil are slowly built up on the body of the water. Because of this formation bogs are sometimes treacherous (quaking bogs shake under the weight of a man) and have occasionally resulted in fatalities when a man or animal breaks through the vegetative crust. Because of their extreme acidity, bogs form a natural preservative and have been found to be a valuable repository of animals and plants of earlier times. Typical bog plants of today include, besides sphagnum, many orchids, the pitcher plant, the sundew, and the cranberry (old bogs are utilized for cranberry cultivation). Because of the reclamation of old bog lands by drainage and by their natural filling in, bogs in America are becoming rare, and with them their unique flora and fauna. One example of the latter is the bog turtle, Clemmys muhlenbergi, a tiny animal with a black, sculptured shell and orange head markings. The bog turtle has disappeared from most of its original habitat in the middle Atlantic states. Another consequence of the drainage and filling of bogs is the decreased water-holding capacity of the land, resulting in rapid run-off during rains and the increased siltation of rivers and streams.
An area of soft, naturally waterlogged land characterized by extreme acidity.
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boggy
IN BRIEF: adj. - (of soil) soft and watery.
Tutor's tip: A "bogey" is an unidentified flying object, a "bogy" is a goblin or evil spirit, while "boggy" means waterlogged.
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Describes the undercarriage getting stuck in soft ground while taxiing. “The aircraft has bogged down in the mud.”
noun
noun, Brit
A lavatory. a.(1789 —) .
New Left Review Toilet paper in the bogs (1960).
[Short for bog-housenoun , of uncertain origin.]
noun, Brit
A lavatory. a.(1789 —) .
New Left Review Toilet paper in the bogs (1960).
[Short for bog-house
| boffola, boffo, boff | |
| bog standard, bog-trotter, bogan |
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categories related to 'bog'
- Plains and Marshes - bog: small marsh or swamp; wet, spongy ground
- Soils and Soil Management - bog: wet, spongy soil with decaying mosses and peat
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This article is about the wetland. For other uses, see Bog (disambiguation).
A bog is a wetland that accumulates peat, a deposit of dead plant material—often mosses, and in a majority of cases, Sphagnum moss. [1] It is one of the four main types of wetlands. Other names for bogs include mire, quagmire and muskeg. Frequently, as the illustration on the right shows, they are covered in Ericaceous shrubs rooted in the Sphagnum moss and peat.
Bogs occur where the water at the ground surface is acidic and low in nutrients. In some cases, the water is derived entirely from precipitation, in which case they are termed ombrotrophic (rain-fed). Water flowing out of bogs has a characteristic brown colour, which comes from dissolved peat tannins. In general the low fertility and cool climate results in relatively slow plant growth, but decay is even slower owing to the saturated soil. Hence peat accumulates. Large areas of landscape can be covered many meters deep in peat.[2][3] Bogs have a distinctive group of plant and animal species, and are of high importance for biodiversity, particularly in landscapes that are otherwise settled and farmed.
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Distribution and extent
Bogs are widely distributed in cold, temperate climes, mostly in boreal ecosystems in the northern hemisphere. The world's largest wetland is the peat bogs of the Western Siberian Lowlands in Russia, which cover more than a million square kilometres[4]. Large peat bogs also occur in North America, particularly the Hudson Bay Lowland and the Mackenzie River Basin[5] They are less common in the southern hemisphere, with the largest being the Magellanic Moorland, comprising some 44,000 square kilometers. Sphagnum bogs were widespread in northern Europe[6] but have often been cleared and drained for agriculture.
Types of bog
Bog habitats may develop in various situations, depending on the climate and topography[7] (see also hydrosere succession). One way of classifying them is based upon their location in the landscape, and their source of water[8].
Valley bog
These develop in gently sloping valleys or hollows. A layer of peat fills the deepest part of the valley, and a stream may run through the surface of the bog. Valley bogs may develop in relatively dry and warm climates, but because they rely on ground or surface water, they only occur on acidic substrates.
Raised bog
These develop from a lake or flat marshy area, over either non-acidic or acidic substrates. Over centuries there is a progression from open lake, to marsh, then fen (or on acidic substrates, valley bog) and carr, as silt or peat fill the lake. Eventually peat builds up to a level where the land surface is too flat for ground or surface water to reach the centre of the wetland. This part therefore becomes wholly rain-fed (ombrotrophic), and the resulting acidic conditions allow the development of bog (even if the substrate is non-acidic). The bog continues to form peat, and over time a shallow dome of bog peat develops: a raised bog. The dome is typically a few metres high in the centre, and is often surrounded by strips of fen or other wetland vegetation at the edges or along streamsides, where ground water can percolate into the wetland.
Blanket bog
Main article: Blanket bog
In cool climates with consistently high rainfall, the ground surface may remain waterlogged for much of the time, providing conditions for the development of bog vegetation. In these circumstances bog develops as a layer "blanketing" much of the land, including hilltops and slopes[9]. Although blanket bog is more common on acidic substrates, under some conditions it may also develop on neutral or even alkaline ones, if abundant acidic rainwater predominates over the ground water. Blanket bog cannot occur in drier or warmer climates, because under those conditions hilltops and sloping ground dry out too often for peat to form – in intermediate climates blanket bog may be limited to areas which are shaded from direct sunshine. In periglacial climates a patterned form of blanket bog may occur, known as string bog.
Quaking bog
Quaking bog or schwingmoor is a form of bog occurring in wetter parts of valley bogs and raised bogs, and sometimes around the edges of acidic lakes where bog is beginning to form. The bog vegetation forms a mat half a metre or so thick, floating over water or very wet peat. Walking on this surface causes it to move – larger movements may cause visible ripples of the surface, or they may even make trees sway.
Cataract Bog
A cataract bog is a rare ecological community formed where a permanent stream flows over a granite outcropping. The sheeting of water keeps the edges of the rock wet without eroding the soil, but in this precarious location no tree or large shrub can maintain a roothold. The result is a narrow, permanently wet, sunny habitat.
Bog habitats
There are many highly specialised animals and plants associated with bog habitat. Most are capable of tolerating the combination of low nutrient levels and waterlogging.[10] Sphagnum moss is generally abundant, along with ericaceous shrubs. The shrubs are often evergreen, which is understood to assist in conservation of nutrients.[11] In drier locations, evergreen trees can occur, in which case the bog blends into the surrounding expanses of boreal evergreen forest[12]. Sedges are one of the more common herbaceous species. Carnivorous plants such as sundews (Drosera) and pitcher plants Sarracenia purpurea have adapted to the low-nutrient conditions by using invertebrates as a nutrient source. Orchids have adapted to these conditions through the use of mycorrhizal fungi to extract nutrients.[13] Some shrubs such as Myrica gale have root nodules in which nitrogen fixation occurs, thereby providing another supplemental source of nitrogen.[14]
Bogs are recognized as a significant/specific habitat type by a number of governmental and conservation agencies. They can provide habitat for mammals, such as caribou, moose, and beavers, as well as for species of nesting shorebirds, such as Siberian cranes and yellowlegs. The United Kingdom in its Biodiversity Action Plan establishes bog habitats as a priority for conservation. Russia has a large reserve system in the West Siberian Lowland.[15] The highest protected status occurs in Zapovedniks (IUCN category IV); Gydansky[1] and Yugansky are two prominent examples. Bogs even have distinctive insects; English bogs give a home to a yellow fly called the hairy canary fly (Phaonia jaroschewskii), and bogs in North America are habitat for a butterfly called the bog copper (Lycaena epixanthe).
Uses
Industrial uses
After drying, peat is used as a fuel. More than 20% of home heat in Ireland comes from peat, and it is also used for fuel in Finland, Scotland, Germany, and Russia. Russia is the leading exporter of peat for fuel at more than 90 million metric tons per year. Ireland's Bord na Móna ("peat board") was one of the first companies to mechanically harvest peat.
The other major use of dried peat is as a soil amendment (sold as moss peat or sphagnum peat) to increase the soil's capacity to retain moisture and enrich the soil. It is also used as a mulch. Some distilleries, notably in the Islay whisky producing region, use the smoke from peat fires to dry the barley used in making Scotch whisky.
Once the peat has been extracted, it can be difficult to restore the wetland, since peat accumulation is a slow process[16].[17] More than 90% of the bogs in England have been damaged or destroyed.[18][19]
Other uses
The peat in bogs is an important place for the storage of carbon. If the peat decayed, carbon dioxide would be released to the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. This ecological service is generally known as carbon storage or climate regulation[20]. As one example, the peatlands of the former Soviet Union were calculated to be removing 52 Tg of carbon per year from the atmosphere[21].
Peat bogs are also important in storing fresh water, particularly in the headwaters of large rivers. Even the enormous Yangtze River arises in the Ruoergai peatland near its headwaters in Tibet[22].
Blueberries, cranberries, cloudberries, huckleberries and lingonberries are harvested from the wild in bogs. Bog oak, wood that has been partially preserved by bogs, has been used in manufacture of furniture.
Sphagnum bogs are also used for outdoor recreation, with activities including hunting and ecotourism. For example, many popular canoe routes in northern Canada include areas of peatland. Some other kinds of activity, such as All-terrain vehicles are especially damaging to bogs.
Archaeology
The anaerobic environment and presence of tannic acids within bogs can result in the remarkable preservation of organic material. Finds of such material have been made in Denmark, Germany, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Some bogs have preserved ancient oak logs useful in dendrochronology, and they have yielded extremely well preserved bog bodies, with organs, skin, and hair intact, buried there thousands of years ago after apparent Germanic and Celtic human sacrifice. Excellent examples of such human specimens are Haraldskær Woman and Tollund Man in Denmark,[23] and Lindow man found at Lindow Common in England. At Céide Fields in County Mayo in Ireland, a 5,000 year old neolithic farming landscape has been found preserved under a blanket bog, complete with field walls and hut sites. One ancient artifact found in bogs in many places is bog butter, large masses of fat, usually in wooden containers. These are thought to have been food stores, of both butter and tallow.
See also
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Look up bog in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
References
- ^ Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
- ^ Gorham, E. (1957). The development of peatlands. Quarterly Review of Biology, 32, 145–66.
- ^ Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
- ^ L.H. Fraser and P.A. Keddy (eds.). 2005. The World’s Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
- ^ L.H. Fraser and P.A. Keddy (eds.). 2005. The World’s Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
- ^ Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles: Latvia
- ^ Glaser, P. H. (1992). Raised bogs in eastern North America: regional controls for species richness and floristic assemblages. Journal of Ecology, 80, 535–54.
- ^ Damman, A. W. H. (1986). Hydrology, development, and biogeochemistry of ombrogenous bogs with special reference to nutrient relocation in a western Newfoundland bog. Canadian Journal of Botany, 64, 384–94.
- ^ van Breeman, N. (1995). How Sphagnum bogs down [sic] other plants. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 10, 270–5.
- ^ Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Chapter 3.
- ^ Keddy, P.A. 2007. Plants and Vegetation: Origins, Processes, Consequences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
- ^ Archibold, O. W. (1995). Ecology of World Vegetation. London: Chapman and Hall.
- ^ Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. p. 88
- ^ Bond, G. (1963). In Plant Physiology, eds. F. B. Salisbury and C. W. Ross (1985), 3rd edn, p. 254, Figure 13.3. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
- ^ Solomeshch, A.I. 2005. The West Siberian Lowland. Pp. 11-62 in L.H. Fraser and P.A. Keddy (eds.). The World’s Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
- ^ Campbell, D. R. and Rochefort, L. (2003). Germination and seedling growth of bog plants in relation to the recolonization of milled peatlands. Plant Ecology, 169, 71–84.
- ^ Cobbaert, D, Rochefort, L., and Price, J. S. (2004). Experimental restoration of a fen plant community after peat mining. Applied Vegetation Science, 7, 209–20.
- ^ BBC NEWS | England | Cumbria | Insight into threatened peat bogs
- ^ The RSPB: Policy
- ^ Gorham, E. (1991). Northern peatlands role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming. Ecological Applications, 1, 182–95.
- ^ Solomeshch, A.I. 2005. The West Siberian Lowland. Pp. 11-62 in L.H. Fraser and P.A. Keddy (eds.). The World’s Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. p. 41
- ^ Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Figure 13.8
- ^ P.V. Glob, The Bog People: Iron Age Man Preserved
Bibliography
- Aiton, William (1811). General View of The Agriculture of the County of Ayr; observations on the means of its improvement; drawn up for the consideration of the Board of Agriculture, and Internal Improvements, with Beautiful Engravings. Glasgow.
External links
- Ballynahone Bog
- Black Spruce Bog Describes a forested bog type of North America
- Bog bodies
- Germany's Endangered Bogs - slideshow by Der Spiegel
- Preserve peat bogs' for climate BBC 28 March 2007
| Wetlands |
| Swamp · Freshwater swamp forest · Coniferous swamp · Marsh · Salt marsh · Bog · Peat swamp forest · Fen · Vernal pool · Flooded grasslands and savannas · Constructed wetland · Riparian zone |
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
Translations:
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Bog
Dansk (Danish)
n. - mose, hængedynd
v. tr. - hæmme, sinke
v. intr. - gå i stå, hænge fast
idioms:
- bog down næsten gå i stå, næsten hænge fast
- bog standard husmands-, jævn, almindelig, standard-
Nederlands (Dutch)
moeras, laagveen, plee
Français (French)
n. - marais, tourbière, marécage, (GB) guoguenot (fam)
v. tr. - embourber, enliser, (lit, fig) s'embourber, s'enliser
v. intr. - s'embourber, s'enliser
idioms:
- bog down embourber, enliser, s'embourber, s'enliser
- bog in s'embourber, s'enliser
- bog off (GB) foutre le camp
- bog standard niveau vaseux (arg)
Deutsch (German)
n. - Sumpf, Moor, (ugs.) Klo
v. - im Sumpf versenken
idioms:
- bog down sich festfahren
- bog in sich verrennen
- bog off weggehen
- bog standard (ugs.) null acht fünfzehn
Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - βάλτος, βούρκος, (καθομ.) αποχωρητήριο, απόπατος
idioms:
- bog down βαλτώνω, καθηλώνω
- bog standard της σειράς
idioms:
- bog down impantanarsi
- bog-standard fondamentale
Português (Portuguese)
n. - brejo (m), privada (f) (gír.) (Brit.), lamaçal (m)
idioms:
- bog down atolar-se
- bog standard lavabo
Русский (Russian)
болото, туалет
idioms:
- bog down увязнуть, погрязнуть
- bog standard не лучше уборной
Español (Spanish)
n. - pantano, ciénaga, marisma
v. tr. - empantanar
v. intr. - empantanarse
idioms:
- bog down quedar estancado, empantanarse
- bog in comer abundantemente
- bog off irse
- bog standard básico, ordinario, corriente
Svenska (Swedish)
n. - mosse, träsk, dass, mugg
中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
沼泽, 泥塘, 使陷入泥沼, 使动弹不得, 陷入泥沼, 动弹不得
idioms:
- bog down 陷入困境, 停顿
- bog standard 普通, 中等
中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 沼澤, 泥塘
v. tr. - 使陷入泥沼, 使動彈不得
v. intr. - 陷入泥沼, 動彈不得
idioms:
- bog down 陷入困境, 停頓
- bog standard 普通, 中等
한국어 (Korean)
n. - 습지
v. tr. - 늪에 가라 앉히다, 꼼짝 못하게 되다
v. intr. - 늪에 가라앉다, 움직이지 못하게 되다
idioms:
- bog down 가라앉다, 막다른 길에 이르다
日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 沼, 湿地, 泥沼
v. - 泥沼に沈める
idioms:
- bog down 沼にはまる, 動きがとれなくなる
- bog standard 基本的な
العربيه (Arabic)
(الاسم) مستنقع, مرحاض
עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ביצה, אדמת-בוץ, בית-שימוש
v. tr. - מנע, עיכב בעד
v. intr. - התעכב
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