Bombay Presidency
The Bombay Presidency was a former province of British India. It was established in the 17th century as trading posts of the British East India Company, but later grew to encompass much of western and central India, as well as parts of post-partition Pakistan and the Arabian Peninsula.
At its greatest extent, the Bombay Presidency comprised the present-day state of Gujarat, the western two-thirds of Maharashtra state, including the regions of Konkan, Desh, and Kandesh, and northwestern Karnataka state of India; It also included Pakistan's Sind province and the British territory of Aden in Yemen. It consisted partly of districts, which were directly under British rule, and partly of native or princely states, which were ruled by local rulers under the administration of a governor.
Early history
The first British settlement in the Bombay Presidency was in 1618, when the East India Company established a factory at Surat in present-day
Gujarat, protected by a charter obtained from the Mughal
Emperor Jahangir. In 1626 the Dutch and British made an unsuccessful attempt to gain possession of the island of Bombay in the coastal Konkan region from Portugal, and in 1653 proposals were suggested for its purchase from the
Portuguese. In 1661 it was ceded to the British crown, as part of the dowry of the
Territorial expansion
During the 18th century, the Hindu Maratha Empire expanded rapidly, conquering Konkan and much of eastern Gujarat from the disintegrating Mughal Empire. In western Gujarat, including Kathiawar and Kutch, the loosening of Mughal control allowed numerous local rulers to create virtually independent states. The first conflict between the British and the Marathas was the First Anglo-Maratha War which began in 1774 and resulted in the 1782 treaty of Salbai, by which Salsette was ceded to the British, while Bharuch was ceded to the Maratha ruler Scindia. The British annexed Surat in 1800. British territory was enlarged in the Second Anglo-Maratha War which ended in 1803. The East India Company received the districts of Bharuch, Kaira, etc., and the Maratha Gaekwad rulers of Baroda acknowledged British sovereignty.
In 1803 the Bombay presidency included only Salsette, the islands of the harbour (since 1774), Surat and Bankot (since 1756); but between this date and 1827 the framework of the presidency took shape. The Gujarat districts were taken over by the Bombay government in 1805 and enlarged in 1818; The numerous small states of Kathiawar and Mahikantha were organized into princely states under British suzerainty between 1807 and 1820. Baji Rao II, the last of the peshwas, who had attempted to shake off the British yoke, was defeated in the Battle of Khadki, captured subsequently and pensioned (1817 1818), and large portions of his dominions (Pune, Ahmednagar, Nasik, Sholapur, Belgaum, Kaladgi, Dharwad, etc.) were included in the presidency, the settlement of which was completed by Mountstuart Elphinstone, governor from 1819 to 1827. His policy was to rule as far as possible on native lines, avoiding all changes for which the population was not yet ripe; but the grosser abuses of the old regime were stopped, the country was pacified, the laws were codified, and courts and schools were established. The period that followed is notable mainly for the enlargement of the presidency through the lapse of certain native states, by the addition of Aden (1839) and Sind (1843), and the lease of the Panch Mahals from Sindhia (1853). The establishment of an orderly administration, one outcome of which was a general fall of prices that made the unwonted regularity of the collection of taxes doubly unwelcome, naturally excited a certain amount of misgiving and resentment; but on the whole the population was prosperous and contented, and under Lord Elphinstone (1853-1860) the presidency passed through the crisis of the Revolt of 1857 without any general rising. Outbreaks among the troops at Karachi, Ahmedabad and Kolhapur were quickly put down, two regiments being disbanded, and the rebellions in Gujarat, among the Bhils, and in the southern Maratha country were local and isolated. Under Sir Bartle Frere (1862-1867) agricultural prosperity reached its highest point, as a result of the American Civil War and the consequent enormous demand for Indian cotton in Europe. The money thus poured into the country produced an epidemic of speculation known as the Share Mania (1864-1865), which ended in a commercial crisis and the failure of the bank of Bombay (1866). But the peasantry gained on the whole more than they lost, and the trade of Bombay was not permanently injured. Sir Bartle Frere encouraged the completion of the great trunk lines of railways, and with the funds obtained by the demolition of the town walls (1862) he began the magnificent series of public buildings that now adorn Bombay (Mumbai).
Geography
The Bombay Presidency was bounded on the north by Baluchistan, the Punjab and Rajputana; on the east by Indore, the Central Provinces and Hyderabad; on the south by Madras Presidency and the Kingdom of Mysore; and on the west by the Arabian Sea. Within these limits were the Portuguese settlements of Goa, Daman and Diu, and the native state of Baroda which has direct relations with the government of India; while politically Bombay included the territory of Aden, in present-day Yemen. The total area, including Sind but excluding Aden, was 188,745 sq. mi., of which 122,984 sq. mi. were under British and 65,761 under native rule. The total population was 25,468,209 in 1901, of which 18,515,587 were resident in British territory and 6,908,648 in native states.
Administration
The Presidency was divided into four commissionerships and twenty-six districts with Bombay City as its capital. The four divisions were the northern or Gujarat, the central or Deccan, the southern or Carnatic, and Sind. The twenty-six districts were: Bombay City, Ahmedabad, Bharuch, Kaira, Panch Mahals, Surat, Thane, Ahmednagar, Khandesh (partitioned into two districts in 1906), Nasik, Poona (Pune), Satara, Sholapur, Belgaum, Bijapur, Dharwad (Dharwar), North Kanara, Kolaba, Ratnagiri, Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Thar and Parkar, and Upper Sind Frontier.
The native states comprised 353 separate units, administered either by political agents or by the collectors of the districts in which the smaller states are situated. The chief groups of states are North Gujarat, comprising Cutch, Kathiawar Agency, Palanpur Agency, Mahi Kantha Agency, Rewa Kantha Agency and Cambay; South Gujarat, comprising Dharampur, Bansda and Sachin; North Konkan, Nasik and Khandesh, comprising Khandesh political agency, Surgana and Jawhar; South Konkan and Dharwar, comprising Janjira, Sawantwadi and Savanur; the Deccan Satara Jagirs, comprising Akkalkot, Bhor, Aundh, Phaltan, Jath and Daphalapur; the southern Maratha states, comprising Kolhapur and other states, and Khairpur in Sind. The native states under the supervision of the government of Bombay are divided, historically and geographically, into two main groups. The northern or Gujarat group includes the territories of the gaekwar of Baroda, with the smaller states which form the administrative divisions of Cutch, Palanpur, Rewa Kantha, and Mahi Kantha. These territories, with the exception of Cutch, have an historical connection, as being the allies or tributaries of the Gaekwad until 1805, when final engagements were included between that prince and the British government. The southern or Maratha group includes Kolhapur, Akalkot, Sawantwari, and the Satara and southern Mahratta Jagirs, and has an historical bond of union in the friendship they showed to the British in their final struggle with the power of the peshwa until 1818. The remaining territories may conveniently be divided into a small cluster of independent zamindaris, situated in the wild and hilly tracts at the northern extremity of the Sahyadri range, and certain. principalities which, from their history or geographical position, are to some extent isolated from the rest of the presidency.
After the Revolt of 1857, The British East India Company rule ceased, and India came under the control of the British Crown. The government of Bombay was administered by a governor in council consisting of the governor as president and two ordinary members. The governor was appointed from Britain; the council is appointed by the crown, and selected from the Indian civil service. These were the executive members of government. For making laws there was a legislative council, consisting of the governor and his executive council, with certain other persons, not fewer than eight or more than twenty, at least half of them being non-officials. Each of the members of the executive council had in his charge one or two departments of the government; and each department had a secretary, an under-secretary, and an assistant secretary, with a numerous staff of clerks. The political administration of the native states was under the superintendence of British agents placed at the principal native capitals; their position varied in different states according to the relations in which the principalities stood with the paramount power. The administration of justice throughout the presidency was conducted by a high court at Bombay, consisting of a chief justice and seven puisne judges, along with district and assistant judges throughout the districts of the presidency. The administration of the districts was carried on by collectors, assistant collectors, and a varying number of supernumerary assistants.
In 1932, Aden was separated from Bombay and made a separate province, and Sind became a separate province on April 1 1936.
People
East Indians are descendants of the thousands of original inhabitants of North Konkan, West Maharashtra mainly Bombay, Vasai, Thane and Raigad districts, on the west cost of India, who were primarily nature worshippers and who embraced Catholicism during the period 1200 - 1600 due to the missionary work of European Franciscans and Jesuits. The East Indians speak a dialect of the Marathi language although majority of the East Indians are fluent in Hindi, shudh Marathi and English.
Pope John XXII in 1329 has acknowledged the presence of Christians when he addressed letters to the Christians of 'Konkan-Thana', and sent them with Bishop Jordan Catalini of Quilon, who had been a missionary at Thane, Sopara, etc from 1321 onwards. The Apostle St. Bartholomev is reputed to have come to Kalyan (Thane district) which means there were Christians even in the 1st century. Many more European and middle-east missionaries had come in Konkan (Thane, Bombay, Raigad, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg districts) between 1st and 12th century. So even before the 12th century there were thousands of Christians in North Konkan, west Maharashtra.
The British East Indian Company designated them with the name 'East Indians' during the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of Queen Victoria in 1887 to distinguish them from the Goan and Manglorean Catholics who came to Bombay in search of jobs and who had similar surnames as Catholics of north Konkan, west Maharashtra. Before 1887 East Indians did not have a fixed or all embracing designation so obviously they referred to themselves as Catholics or Christians. The Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. XIII, Part I, published in 1882, has about 19 pages on the native Christians in which it consistently calls them 'Thana Christians' as Bandra and the rest of Salsette Island was included in Thane District till a few decades ago. The gazetteer was published just five years before the designation 'East Indian' was adopted.
In the whole of India including Bombay only the Goan and Manglorean Catholics know who East Indians are. People living in east India (west Bengal, Assam, Nagaland) are not referred to as East Indians just as people living in Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Maharashtra are not known as West Indians. BELIEVE this - 99.99% of Hindus and Muslims living in Bombay including Hindus and Muslims living in gaothans of East Indians in Bombay have no idea who the East Indians are. Migrants (slum dwellers) and the legal migrants (middle/upper/business class) living in Bombay believe that Bombay was an uninhabited island and they also believe that majority of Catholics living in Bombay are mainly from Goa.
East Indian Gaothans: There are more than 200 East Indian gaothans (villages) spread across Bombay alone. Before 1960 all this gaothans were surrounded by agricultural lands, ponds and wells. First the British who ruled India till 1947 took the agricultural lands of East Indians for various industrial/economic purposes (textile mills, railway factories, railway lines, Sahar, Santa Cruz, Juhu airport, roads, shipyards, Kalina and Colaba military camps, residential complexes, etc) and also gave a lot of agricultural lands of East Indians to Parsi and Gujarati charitable trusts........But the British did not do anything for the welfare of East Indians. This is the reason why many East Indians joined the freedom struggle against the British notable among them was Joseph Kaka Baptista the right hand man of freedom fighter Lokmanya Tilak and the first president of the Home Rule League. Around 25% of the agricultural lands of East Indians in Bombay were taken by the British before 1947; and after 1960 the Maharashtra government took the remaining 75% of the agricultural lands of East Indians in Bombay.
How were these East Indian gaothans formed in Bombay and its surroundings: Hundred's of Centuries back ancestors of East Indians in Bombay built their houses close to one another and formed a gaothans/village, often on a rocky or less fertile spot, so as to leave the surrounding land free for the cultivation of Rice. It is precisely on the former rice fields surrounding a gaothan that town planning schemes, housing societies, Sahar / Juhu / Santa Cruz airports, roads, industrial/residential complexes, SEEPZ, MIDC, industrial areas, Kalina / Bombay University, railway lines, slums, etc have sprung up. East Indians did not build fences around their houses and that's the reason you will find houses in gaothans are very close to one another. The Maharashtra Government during the 1960s took all the agricultural lands of the East Indian Christians by invoking the land acquisition act and town planning act but did not give any compensation or government jobs to East Indians neither gave additional FSIs or concession in property taxes to the gaothans / villages where East Indians were/are living. Due to this many East Indians had suffered economically. Since there are no Additional FSIs for gaothans/villages of East Indians they cannot raise their houses to accommodate additional members of the family. The Maharashtra government and the Bombay Municipal Corporation (BMC) have 1990 onwards spent more than 25,000 crores of rupees for the welfare of slum dwellers in Bombay including giving free houses of 225 sq. ft. to slum dwellers, but for East Indians even to repair or reconstruct their old and dilapidated houses in their gaothans they have to beg and bribe the BMC. It is very clear from the above that the Maharashtra govt. and the Bombay Municipal Corporation have economically persecuted the East Indian Christians.
Agriculture
The overwhelming majority of the population of the Bombay Presidency was rural and engaged in agriculture. The staple crops were Sorghum (jowar), and Pearl millet (bajra) in the Deccan and Khandesh. Rice was the chief product of the Konkan. Wheat, generally grown in the northern part of the Presidency, but specially in Sind and Gujarat, was exported to Europe in large quantities from Karachi, and on a smaller scale from Bombay. Barley was principally grown in the northern parts of the presidency. Finger millet (Nachani) and kodra (Paspalum scrobiculatum) furnished food to the Kolis, Bhils, Waralis, and other hill tribes. Of the pulses the most important are the chickpea or Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum), pigeon pea or tur (Cajanus cajan), catjang or kulti (Vigna unguiculata cylindrica), and urad bean (Vigna mungo). Principal oilseeds were sesame or til (Sesamum indicum), mustard, castor bean, safflower and linseed. Of fibres the most important were cotton, Deccan hemp (Hibiscus cannabinus), and sunn or tag (Crotalaria juncea). Much was done to improve the cotton of the presidency. American varieties were introduced with much advantage in the Dharwad collectorate and other parts of the southern Maratha country. In Khandesh the indigenous plant from which one of the lowest classes of cotton in the Bombay market takes its name has been almost entirely superseded by the superior Hinganghat variety. Miscellaneous crops: sugarcane, requiring a rich soil and a perennial water-supply, and only grown in favored localities, chile peppers, potatoes, turmeric and tobacco.
Industry
The chief industries of Bombay Presidency involved the milling of cotton. In the late 19th century steam mills sprang up in Bombay, Ahmedabad and Khandesh. In 1905 there were 432 factories in the presidency, of which by far the greater number were engaged in the preparation and manufacture of cotton. The industry is centred in Bombay, which contains nearly two-thirds of the mills. During the decade 1891-1901 the mill industry passed through a period of depression due to widespread plague and famine, but on the whole there was a marked expansion of the trade as well as a great improvement in the class of goods produced. In addition to the mills there were (1901) 178,000 hand-loom weavers in the province, who still have a position of their own in the manipulation of designs woven into the cloth. Silk goods were manufactured in Ahmedabad, Surat, Yeola, Nasik, Thana and Bombay (Mumbai), the material decorated with printed or woven designs; competition from European goods caused the silk industry to decline in the early 20th century. The custom of investing savings in gold and silver ornaments gave employment to many goldsmiths: the metal was usually supplied by the customer, and the goldsmith charged for his labor. Ahmedabad and Surat are famous for their carved woodwork. Many of the houses in Ahmedabad are covered with elaborate wood-carving, and excellent examples exist in Broach, Baroda, Surat, Nasik and Yeola. Salt was made in large quantities in the government works at Kharaghoda and Udu in Ahmedabad, and was is exported by rail to Gujarat and central India. There was one brewery at Dapuri near Pune.
Transportation
The province was well supplied with railways, all of which, with one exception, concentrated at Bombay City. The exception is the North-Western line, which enters Sind from the Punjab and terminated at Karachi. The other chief lines are the Great Indian Peninsula, Indian Midland, Bombay, Baroda & Central India, and the Rajputana, Malwa & Southern Mahratta systems. In 1905 the total length of railway under the Bombay government open for traffic was 7980 miles, which did not include the railway system in Sind.
Military
Under Lord Kitchener's re-arrangement of the Indian army in 1904 the old Bombay command was abolished and its place was taken by the Western army corps under a lieutenant-general. The army corps was divided into three divisions under major-generals. The 4th (Quetta) Division, with headquarters at Quetta, comprised the troops in the Quetta and Sind districts. The 5th division, with headquarters at Mhow, consisted of three brigades, located at Nasirabad, Jabalpur and Jhansi, and included the previous Mhow, Deesa, Nagpur, Narmada and Bundelkhand districts, with the Bombay district north of the Tapti. The 6th division, with headquarters at Pune, consisted of three brigades, located at Bombay, Ahmednagar and Aden. It comprised the previous Poona district, Bombay district south of the Tapti, Belgaum district north of the Tungabhadra, and Dharwar and Aurangabad districts.
Education
The University of Bombay was established in 1857, and had an administration consisting of a chancellor, vice-chancellor and fellows. The governor of Bombay was ex-officio chancellor. The education department was under a director of public instruction, who was responsible for the administration of the department in accordance with the general educational policy of the state. The native states generally adopted the government system. Baroda and the Kathiawar states employed their own inspectors. In 1905 the total number of educational institutions was 10,194 with 593,431 pupils. There were ten art colleges, of which two were managed by government, three by native states, and five were under private management. It was in the year 1913 that the first college of commerce in whole Asia "Sydenham College" was established. According to the census of 1901, out of a population of 25.5 million nearly 24 million were illiterate.
20th Century reforms
British India's Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of
After independence
In 1947 Bombay Province became part of newly-independent India, and Sind Province became part of Pakistan. In 1950 Bombay Province was reorganized into Bombay state, which included the princely states formerly under the political authority of Bombay Province; these princely states were merged into the new state after their rulers acceded to India.
References
- ^ meaning its soldiers where from Europe ie white
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
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