Results for book value
On this page:
 
Dictionary:

book value


n.

The monetary amount by which an asset is valued in business records, a figure not necessarily identical to the amount the asset could bring on the open market.


 
 

1. The value at which an asset is carried on a balance sheet. In other words, the cost of an asset minus accumulated depreciation.

2. The net asset value of a company, calculated by total assets minus intangible assets (patents, goodwill) and liabilities.

3. The initial outlay for an investment. This number may be net or gross of expenses such as trading costs, sales taxes, service charges and so on.

In the U.K., book value is known as "net asset value".

Investopedia Says:
Book value is the accounting value of a firm. It has two main uses:

1. It is the total value of the company's assets that shareholders would theoretically receive if a company were liquidated.

2. By being compared to the company's market value, the book value can indicate whether a stock is under- or overpriced.

3. In personal finance, the book value of an investment is the price paid for a security or debt investment. When a stock is sold, the selling price less the book value is the capital gain (or loss) from the investment.

Related Links:
This calculation will serve up your portion of the shareholder pie. Digging Into Book Value
The P/B ratio can be an easy way to determine a company's value, but it isn't magic! Value By The Book
Learn this easy-to-understand technique of analyzing a company's financial statements and reports. Introduction To Fundamental Analysis
Learn what it means to do your homework on a company's performance and reporting practices before investing. Advanced Financial Statement Analysis
Check out this overview of how to determine and analyze a company's financial position. In Position


 

1. value at which an asset is carried on a balance sheet. For example, a piece of manufacturing equipment is put on the books at its cost when purchased. Its value is then reduced each year as depreciation is charged to income. Thus, its book value at any time is its cost minus accumulated depreciation. However, the primary purpose of accounting for depreciation is to enable a company to recover its cost, not replace the asset or reflect its declining usefulness. Book value may therefore vary significantly from other objectively determined values, most notably Market Value.

2. net asset value of a company's securities, calculated by using the following formula:

Total assets minus intangible assets (goodwill, patents, etc.) minus current liabilities minus any long-term liabilities and equity issues that have a prior claim (subtracting them here has the effect of treating them as paid) equals total net assets available for payment of the issue under consideration.

The total net asset figure, divided by the number of bonds, shares of preferred stock, or shares of common stock, gives the net asset value-or book value-per bond or per share of preferred or common stock.

Book value can be a guide in selecting underpriced stocks and is an indication of the ultimate value of securities in liquidation. See also Asset Coverage.

 

The carrying amount of an Asset as shown on the books of a company. Generally the amount paid for an asset, less depreciation.
Example: X Corporation purchases a building for $1,000,000, then Depreciates it by $100,000 on its financial statements. The book value was $1,000,000 and is now $900,000.

 
Law Encyclopedia: Book Value
This entry contains information applicable to United States law only.

The current value of an asset. The book value of an asset at any time is its cost minus its accumulated depreciation. (Depreciation reflects the decrease in the useful life of an asset due to use of the asset.) Companies use book value to determine the point at which they have recovered the cost of an asset.

The net asset value of a company's securities. This is calculated by subtracting from the company's total assets the following items: intangible assets (such as goodwill), current liabilities, and long-term liabilities and equity issues. This figure, divided by the total number of bonds or of shares of stock, is the book value per bond or per share of stock.

The calculation of book value is important in determining the value of a company that is being liquidated. For example, if a corporation has 100,000 shares of stock issued and outstanding and its assets total $5 million and its intangible assets and all liabilities total $1.6 million, its net asset value is $3.4 million and its book value per share is $34.

 
Wikipedia: book value

In accounting, book value or carrying value is the value of an asset or liability according to its balance sheet account balance. Book value is the value carried on the bookkeeping records of an economic entity such as an individual, corporation, government, or other organization. Depending on the circumstances, assets and liabilities may be valued on a balance sheet at actual value (cash and cash equivalents), acquisition cost, depreciated value, amortized value, depleted value, or market value.

In fundamental analysis of stock share values, the book value of an entire company is its shareholders' equity. Shareholders' equity is the company's assets minus its liabilities. If a company's shareholders' equity is $100,000, the book value of the company is $100,000. If the company has 1,000 shares outstanding, each share has a book value of $100.[1][2][3]

In the United Kingdom, the term net asset value may refer to book value.[4]

Asset book value

An asset's initial book value is its actual cash value or its acquisition cost. Cash assets are recorded or "booked" at actual cash value. Assets such as buildings, land and equipment are valued based on their acquisition cost, which includes the actual cash cost of the asset plus certain costs tied to the purchase of the asset, such as broker fees. Not all purchased items are recorded as assets; incidental supplies are recorded as expenses. Some assets might be recorded as current expenses for tax purposes. An example of this is assets purchased and expensed under Section 170 of the US tax code.[citation needed]

Depreciable, amortizable and depletable assets

Monthly or annual depreciation, amortization and depletion are used to reduce the book value of assets over time as they are "consumed" or used up in the process of obtaining revenue.[5] These non-cash expenses are recorded in the accounting books after a trial balance is calculated to ensure that cash transactions have been recorded accurately. Depreciation is used to record the declining value of buildings and equipment over time. Land is not depreciated. Amortization is used to record the declining value of intangible assets such as patents. Depletion is used to record the consumption of natural resources.[6]

Depreciation, amortization and depletion are recorded as expenses against a contra account. Contra accounts are used in bookkeeping to record asset and liability valuation changes. "Accumulated depreciation" is a contra-asset account used to record asset depreciation.[7]

Sample general journal entry for depreciation[8]

  • Depreciation expenses: building... debit = $150, under expenses in retained earnings
  • Accumulated depreciation: building... credit = $150, under assests

The balance sheet valuation for an asset is the asset's cost basis minus accumulated depreciation.[9] Similar bookkeeping transactions are used to record amortization and depletion.

Liability book value

"Discount on notes payable" is a contra-liability account which decreases the balance sheet valuation of the liability.[10]

When a company sells (issues) bonds, this debt is a long-term liability on the company's balance sheet, recorded in the account Bonds Payable based on the contract amount. After the bonds are sold, the book value of Bonds Payable is increased or decreased to reflect the actual amount received in payment for the bonds. If the bonds sell for less than face value, the contra account Discount on Bonds Payable is debited for the difference between the amount of cash received and the face value of the bonds.[11]

Net asset value

In the United Kingdom, the term net asset value may refer book value.[12]

A mutual fund is an entity which primarily owns "financial assets" or capital assets such as bonds, stocks and commercial paper. The net asset value of a mutual fund is the market value of assets owned by the fund minus the fund's liabilities.[13] This is similar to shareholders' equity, except the asset valuation is market-based rather than based on acquisition cost. In financial news reporting, the reported net asset value of a mutual fund is the net asset value of a single share in the fund. In the mutual fund's accounting records, the financial assets are recorded at acquisition cost. When assets are sold, the fund records a capital gain or capital loss.[citation needed]

Financial assets include stock shares and bonds owned by an individual or company.[14] These may be reported on the individual or company balance sheet at cost or at market value.

Corporate book value

A company or corporation's book value, as an asset held by a separate economic entity, is the company or corporation's shareholders' equity, the acquisition cost of the shares, or the market value of the shares owned by the separate economic entity.

A corporation's book value is used in fundamental financial analysis to help determine whether the market value of corporate shares is above or below the book value of corporate shares. Neither market value nor book value is an unbiased estimate of a corporation's value. The corporation's bookkeeping or accounting records do not generally reflect the market value of assets and liabilities, and the market or trade value of the corporation's stock is subject to variations.

Stock pricing book value

To clearly distinguish the market price of shares from the core ownership equity or shareholders' equity, the term 'book value' is often used since it focuses on the values that have been added and subtracted in the accounting books of a business (assets - liabilities). The term is also used to distinguish between the market price of any asset and its accounting value which depends more on historical cost and depreciation. It may be used interchangeably with carrying value. While it can be used to refer to the business' total equity, it is most often used:

  • as a 'per share' value': The balance sheet Equity value is divided by the number of shares outstanding at the date of the balance sheet (not the average o/s in the period).
  • as a 'diluted per share value': The Equity is bumped up by the exercise price of the options, warrants or preferred shares. Then it is divided by the number of shares that has been increased by those added.

Uses

  1. Book value is used in the financial ratio price/book. It is a valuation metric that sets the floor for stock prices under a worst-case scenario. When a business is liquidated, the book value is what may be left over for the owners after all the debts are paid. Paying only a price/book = 1 means the investor will get all his investment back. Shares of capital intensive industries trade at lower price/book ratios because they generate lower earnings per dollar of assets. Business depending on human capital will generate higher earnings per dollar of assets, so will trade at higher price/book ratios.
  2. Book value per share can be used to generate a measure of comprehensive earnings, when the opening and closing values are reconciled.[15]

Bookvalue/share, beginning of year - Dividends + Sh issue Premium + Comprehensive EPS = Bookvalue/share, end of year

Changes are caused by

  1. The sale of shares/units by the business increases the total book value. Book/sh will increase if the additional shares are issued at a price higher than the pre-existing book/sh.
  2. The purchase of its own shares by the business will decrease total book value. Book/sh will decrease if more is paid for them than was received when originally issued (pre-existing book/sh).
  3. Dividends paid out will decrease book value and book/sh.
  4. Comprehensive earnings/losses will increase/decrease book value and book/sh. Comprehensive earnings, in this case, includes net income from the Income Statement, foreign exchange translation changes to Balance Sheet items, accounting changes applied retroactively, and the opportunity cost of options exercised.

See this [diagram] for the effects of options and share issues/buybacks.

New share issues and dilution

The issue of more shares does not necessarily decrease the value of the current owner. While it is correct that when the number of shares is doubled the EPS will be cut in half, it is too simple to be the full story. It all depends on how much was paid for the new shares and what return the new capital earns once invested. See the discussion at stock dilution.

Net book value of long term assets

Book value is often used interchangeably with "net book value" or carrying value, which is the original acquisition cost less accumulated depreciation, depletion or amortization.

References

  1. ^ Hermanson, Roger H., James Don Edwards, R. F. Salmonson, (1987) Accounting Principles Volume II, Dow Jones-Irwin, p. 694. ISBN 1-55623-035-4
  2. ^ http://moneyterms.co.uk/nav/
  3. ^ http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/carryingvalue.asp
  4. ^ http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bookvalue.asp
  5. ^ Meigs and Meigs, Financial Accounting 4th ed. p. 90.
  6. ^ Wolk, Harry I., James L. Dodd and Michael G. Tearney (2004). Accounting Theory: Conceptual Issues in a Political and Economic Environment, 6th ed. South-Western. pp. 330-331. ISBN 0-324-18623-1.
  7. ^ Meigs, p.91
  8. ^ Meigs, p.90
  9. ^ Meigs, p.105
  10. ^ Meigs, p. 313
  11. ^ Hermanson, Roger H., James Don Edwards, R. F. Salmonson, (1987) Accounting Principles Volume II, Dow Jones-Irwin, p. 657. ISBN 1-55623-035-4
  12. ^ http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bookvalue.asp
  13. ^ http://www.sec.gov/answers/nav.htm
  14. ^ Groppelli, Angelico A. (2000) Finance, 4th ed., p.25.
  15. ^ http://members.shaw.ca/RetailInvestor/earnings.html

See also


 
 

Join the WikiAnswers Q&A community. Post a question or answer questions about "book value" at WikiAnswers.

 

Copyrights:

Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2007. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
Investment Dictionary. Copyright ©2000, Investopedia.com - Owned and Operated by Investopedia Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Financial & Investment Dictionary. Dictionary of Finance and Investment Terms. Copyright © 2006 by Barron's Educational Series, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Real Estate Dictionary. Dictionary of Real Estate Terms. Copyright © 2004 by Barron's Educational Series, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Law Encyclopedia. West's Encyclopedia of American Law. Copyright © 1998 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Wikipedia. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Book value" Read more

Search for answers directly from your browser with the FREE Answers.com Toolbar!  
Click here to download now. 

Get Answers your way! Check out all our free tools and products.

On this page:   E-mail   print Print  Link  

 

Keep Reading

Mentioned In: