Bordeaux¹

 

(bôrdō') , city (1990 pop. 213,274), capital of Gironde dept., SW France, on the Garonne River. Bordeaux is a major economic and cultural center, and a busy port accessible to oceangoing ships from the Atlantic through the Gironde River. Although Bordeaux has important shipyards and industries (machines, chemicals, and airplanes), its principal source of wealth is the wine trade. Bordeaux wine is the generic name of the wine produced in the Bordelais region, which is dotted with châteaux that give their names to many vineyards. Known as Burdigala by the Romans, Bordeaux was the capital of the province of Aquitania and a prosperous commercial city. It became an archepiscopal see in the 4th cent. Bordeaux's importance declined under Visigothic and Frankish rule (c.5th cent.), but was revived when the city became (11th cent.) the seat of the dukes of Aquitaine. Eleanor of Aquitaine, who was born there, precipitated through her successive marriages to Louis VII of France and Henry II of England the long struggle between the two nations. As a result of these wars Bordeaux came under English rule, which lasted from 1154 to 1453. The city's commercial importance dates from this period. Reconquered by France, Bordeaux became capital of the province of Guienne. Louis XI established the powerful parlement of Bordeaux and granted great privileges to the university founded (1441) by Pope Eugene IV. The intellectual reputation of Bordeaux was made by Montaigne and Montesquieu, who were born nearby and who were both magistrates in the city. Bordeaux reached the height of its prosperity in the 18th cent. Its relations with England were always close; many English firms exporting wine and spirits established themselves in the city. Bordeaux was the center of the Girondists in the French Revolution and the site of the National Assembly of 1871 that established the Third Republic. In 1914 and again in 1940, at the onset of the World Wars, the city was the temporary seat of the French government. The Place des Quinconces, with its statues of Montaigne and Montesquieu, dominates the center of the city. Other points of interest are the Gothic Cathedral of St. André, several art museums, and some elegant 18th-century buildings designed by Victor Louis and Jacques Gabriel. An engineering school and a research center studying mass-media communications are also in Bordeaux.

Coordinates: 44°50′19″N, 00°34′42″W

Ville de Bordeaux UNESCO World Heritage Site
City logo (traditional tri-crescent)	City coat of arms
Motto: Lilia sola regunt lunam undas castra leonem. "The fleur-de-lis alone rules over the moon, the waves, the castle, and the lion"
Location
Time Zone	CET (GMT +1)
Coordinates	44°50′19″N, 00°34′42″W
Administration
Country	France
Region	Aquitaine
Department	Gironde (33)
Intercommunality	Urban Community of Bordeaux
Mayor	Alain Juppé (UMP) (since 2006)
City Statistics
Land area¹	49.36 km²
Population² (2007 estimate)	230,600
- Ranking	7th in France
- Density	4,658/km² (2007 estimate)
Urban Spread
Urban Area	1,057 km² (2007 estimate)
- Population	800,000 (2007 estimate)
Metro Area	3,875.2 km² (2007 estimate)
- Population	1200000 (5th in France) (2007 estimate)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
2 Population sans doubles comptes: single count of residents of multiple communes (e.g. students and military personnel).

 Bordeaux? (Gascon: Bordèu) is a port city in the southwest of France, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area at a 2007 estimate. It is the capital of the Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called Bordelais.

With a population of 1,200,000 inhabitants in the Bordeaux-Arcachon-Libourne metropolitan area, the fifth metropolitan area in France is known to be the world's wine industry capital, and it is considered Europe's main military space and aeronautics research and construction complex. Bordeaux wine draws its name from the city around which it has been produced since the 8th century. The historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as "an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble" of the 18th century. ^[1]

Geography

Bordeaux is located near the European Atlantic coast, in the southwest of France and in the north of the Aquitaine region. The city is built on a bend of the river Garonne, and is thus divided into two parts: the right bank to the East and left bank in the West. Historically, the left bank is the more developed. In Bordeaux, the Garonne River is accessible to ocean liners.

Demographics

At the 1999 census, there were 215.363 inhabitants in the city (commune) of Bordeaux, and the 2005 census showed a significant increase, this figure reaching 230 600 inhabitants . In 2007, there were 925 000 inhabitants in the Communauté Urbaine de Bordeaux and 1.2 Million in the Bordeaux Arcachon Libourne urban body. The city contains a diverse range of people. Much of the population is French, but there are sizable groups of Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, Germans and North Africans.^{[citation needed]} The metropolis has developed rapidly over the last decades and is facing urban sprawl.

History

Between 30,000 and 90,000 years ago the area of Bordeaux was inhabited by the Homo neanderthalensis, whose remains have been found at a famous cave known as Pair-non-Pair, near Bourg sur Gironde, just north of Bordeaux.

In historical times, around 300 BC it was the settlement of a Celtic tribe, the Bituriges Vivisci, who named the town Burdigala, probably of Aquitainian origin. The name Bourde is still the name of a river south of the city. The city fell under Roman rule around 60 BC, its importance lying in the commerce of Tin and Lead towards Rome. Later it became capital of Roman Aquitaine, flourishing especially during the Severan dynasty (3rd century). In 276 it was sacked by the Vandals. Further ravage was brought by the same Vandals in 409, the Visigoths in 414 and the Franks in 498, beginning a period of obscurity for the city.

In the late sixth century, the city reemerged as the seat of a county and an archdiocese within the Merovingian kingdom of the Franks. The city fell into obscurity as royal power waned in southern Gaul in the late seventh century. The city was plundered by the troops of Abd er Rahman in 732, after he had defeated Duke Eudes and before he was killed during the Battle of Tours on October 10. Under the Carolingians were appointed a series of Counts of Bordeaux who served to defend the mouth of the Garonne from the Vikings. Eventually, the city was inherited by the Dukes of Gascony in the late tenth century.

From the 12th to the 15th century, Bordeaux regained importance as part of the English realm, following the marriage of Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine with the French-speaking Count Henri Plantagenet, born in Le Mans, who became, within months of their wedding, King Henry II of England. The city flourished, primarily due to wine trade, and the cathedral of St. André was built. It was also the capital of an independent state under Edward, the Black Prince (1362-1372), but in the end, after the Battle of Castillon (1453) it returned to France. The Châteaux Trompette (Trumpet Castle) and the Fort du Hâ, built by Charles VII of France, were the symbols of the new domination, which however deprived the city of its richness by halting the wine commerce with England. In 1462 Bordeaux obtained a parliament, but regained importance only in the 16th century when it become a centre of distribution of sugar and slaves from West Indies along with the traditional wine.

Bordeaux adhered to the Fronde, being effectively annexed to the Kingdom of France only in 1653 when Louis XIV entered in the city.

The 18th century was the golden age of Bordeaux. Many downtown buildings (about 5,000), including those on the quays, are from this period. Victor Hugo found the town so beautiful he once said: "take Versailles, add Antwerp, and you have Bordeaux". Baron Haussmann, a long-time prefect of Bordeaux, used Bordeaux's 18th century big-scale rebuilding as a model when he was asked by Emperor Napoleon III to transform a then still quasi-medieval Paris into a "modern" capital that would make France proud.

The French government withdrew to the city during the wars of 1870, World War I and World War II.

Economy

Wine

Main article: Bordeaux wine

Bordeaux has about 117,000 hectares of vineyards, 57 appellations, 9,000 wine-producing châteaux, 13,000 grape growers, 400 traders and sales of 14.5 billion euros annually. With an annual production of over 700 million bottles, Bordeaux produces large quantities of everyday wine as well as some of the most expensive wines in the world. Included among the latter are the area's five 'premier cru' (first growth) red wines (four from Médoc and one, Chateau Haut-Brion, from Graves), established by the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855: The first growths are:

• Château Lafite-Rothschild
• Château Margaux
• Château Latour
• Château Haut-Brion
• Château Mouton-Rothschild

Both red and white wines are made in Bordeaux. Red Bordeaux is called claret in the United Kingdom. Red wines are generally made from a blend of grapes, and may be made from Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Petit Verdot, Malbec, and, less commonly in recent years, Carmenere. White Bordeaux is made from Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon, and Muscadelle. Sauternes is a subregion of Graves known for its intensely sweet, white, dessert wines such as Château d'Yquem.

Because of the wine glut (wine lake), the price squeeze caused by increasingly strong international competition, and vine pull schemes, the number of growers has recently dropped from 14,000 and the area under vine has also decreased significantly.

Laser

The Laser Megajoule will be the most powerful laser in the world, allowing fundamental research and the development of the lasers and plasmas technologies. This project, carried by the French Ministry of Defence, involves an investment of 2 billion euros. In 2009, the 600 experiments programmed each year with the Laser Mégajoule will begin. The "Road of the lasers", a major project of regional planning for the optical and lasers industries, will be born. Therefore, the area of Bordeaux will shelter the most important concentration of optical and laser experts in Europe.

Aeronautics

20 000 people work for the aeronautic industry in Bordeaux. The city has some of the biggest companies including Dassault, Sogerma, SNECMA, Thales, SNPE, and others. The Dassault Falcon private jets are built there as well as the military aircraft Rafale and Mirage 2000, the A380 cockpit, the boosters of Ariane 5, and the M51 SLBM missile.

Tourism

Tourism is fast growing industry in Bordeaux. The city and the beautiful Aquitaine region surrounding it hope to attract more and more visitors in the coming years. Bordeaux attracts 3 million visitors each year^{[citation needed]}.

Port

The port lies on the Atlantic ocean and the Gironde estuary. Almost 9 million tons of goods arrive and leave each year. The Port is a nice area to sit and relax, a good place to tour if ever visiting.

List of major companies settled in Bordeaux

• Arena (swimwear)
• CDiscount
• Dassault
• EADS composites
• EADS Sogerma
• EADS Space Transportation
• Ford
• In-Fusio
• LECTRA
• LU
• Marie Brizard
• McKesson
• Oxbow (sportswear)
• Ricard
• Sanofi Aventis
• SMURFIT
• SNECMA
• SNPE
• Solectron
• Thales Group
• William Pitters

Education.

University

Main article: University of Bordeaux

The university was created by the archbishop Pey Berland and was removed under the French revolution in 1793, before reappearing in 1808 with Napoleon I. Bordeaux accommodates approximately 70,000 students on one of the largest campuses of Europe (235 ha) The University of Bordeaux is divided into four:

• The University Bordeaux 1 (Physical sciences and Technologies), 10,693 students in 2002
• The University Bordeaux 2 (Medicine and Life sciences), 15,038 students in 2002
• The University Bordeaux 3 (Liberal Arts, Humanities, Languages), 14,785 students in 2002
• The University Bordeaux 4 (Law, Economy and Management). 12,556 students in 2002

Schools

Bordeaux has numerous public and private schools offering undergraduate and postgraduate programs.

Engineering schools:

• École nationale supérieure d'arts et métiers
• École d'ingénieurs en modélisation mathématique et mécanique
• École nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique, radiocommunications de Bordeaux
• École supérieure de technologie des biomolécules de Bordeaux
• École nationale d'ingénieurs des travaux agricoles de Bordeaux
• École nationale supérieure de chimie et physique de Bordeaux
• Institut des sciences et techniques des aliments de Bordeaux
• Institut de cognitique
• École supérieure d'informatique
• École privée des sciences informatiques

Business and management schools:

• Bordeaux école de management (Bordeaux Management school)
• EBP International
• Institut des hautes études économiques et commerciales
• École de commerce européenne

Other:

• Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux (Institute of political sciences)
• École nationale de la magistrature (National school for Magistrate)
• École du service de santé des armées
• École d'architecture et de paysage de Bordeaux
• École des beaux-arts de Bordeaux
• École française des attachés de presse et des professionels de la communication (EFAP)
• Conservatoire national des arts et métiers d'Aquitaine (CNAM)

Main sights

Bordeaux is classified "City of Art and History". The city has been inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List as "an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble".

Bordeaux is home to one of Europe's biggest 18th century architectural urban areas, making it a sought-after destination for tourists and cinema production crews. It stands out as one of the first French cities, after Nancy, to have entered an era of urbanism and metropolitan big scale projects, with the team Gabriel father and son, architects for King Louis XV, under the supervision of 2 intendants (Governors), first Mr. Dupre de Saint Maur then the Marquis (Marquess) de Tourny.

Buildings

Main sights include:

• Esplanade des Quinconces
• Colonnes des Girondins
• Grand Théâtre
• Allées de Tourny
• Cours de l'Intendance
• Place du Chapelet
• Pont de Pierre
• Saint-André Cathedral, consecrated by Pope Urban II in 1096 . Of the Original Romanesque edifice only a wall in the nave remain. The Royal Gate is from the early 13th century, while the rest of the construction is mostly from the 14th-15th centuries.
• Tour Pey Berland (1440-1450), a massive, quadrangular tower annexed to the cathedral.
• Sainte-Croix Church (Church of the Holy Cross). It lies on the site of a 7th century abbey destroyed by the Saracens. Rebuilt under the Carolingians, it was again destroyed by the Normans in 845 and 864. Of the Benedictine abbey of the 11th century only the nave walls and other minor part can be seen now. The current appearance is from the 19th century.
• The Gothic basilica of Saint-Michel, constructed in the late 14th-15th centuries.
• Basilica of Saint-Seurin, the most ancient church in Bordeaux. It was built in the early 6th century on the site of a palaeochristian necropolis. It has an 11th century portico, while the apse and transept are from the following century. The 13th century nave has chapels from the 11th and the 14th centuries. The ancient crypt houses sepulchres of the Merovingian family.
• Palais Rohan (Exterior: [1])
• Palais Gallien, the remains of a late 2nd-century Roman amphitheatre
• Porte Cailhau
• La Grosse Cloche (15th century) is the second remaining gate of the Medieval walls. It was the belfry of the old Town Hall. It consists of two 40m-high circular towers and a central bell tower housing a bell weighing 7,800&kg. The watch is from 1759.
• Eglise Saint-Eloi
• Place de la Bourse (1730-1775), designed by the Royal architect Jacques Ange Gabriel as landscape for an equestrian statue of Louis XV.
• Place du Parlement
• Place Saint-Pierre
• Rue Sainte-Catherine

Saint-André Cathedral, Saint-Michel Basilica and Saint-Seurin Basilica are part of the World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France.

Museums

• Musée des Beaux Arts
• Musée d'Aquitaine
• Musée des Arts Décoratifs
• Musée D'Histoire Naturelle
• CAPC
• Musée National des Doines
• French Cruiser Colbert
• Vinorama
• Musée Goupil
• Casa de Goya
• Cap Sciences
• Centre Jean Moulin

Shopping

Bordeaux boasts numerous options for shopping. In the heart of Bordeaux is Rue Sainte-Catherine. This pedestrian only shopping street is 1.2 kilometers of shops, restaurants and cafes; it is also the longest shopping street in Europe. Rue Sainte-Catherine starts at Place de la Victoire and ends at Place de la Comedie by the opera house. The shops become progressively more upscale as one moves towards Place de la Comedie and the nearby Cours de l'Intendance is where one finds the more exclusive shops and boutiques.

Culture

Bordeaux is also the first city in France to have created, in the 1980s, an architecture exhibition and research center, Arc en rêve, still the most prestigious in France besides Paris IFA. Bordeaux offers a large number of cinemas, theatres and is the home of the National Opera of Bordeaux. There are many music venues of varying capacity. The city also offers several festivals throughout the year.

Music

• Bands
  • Noir Désir
  • Leisure
  • Calc
  • Les Hurlements d'Léo
  • The Deans
  • Luke
  • Smocks
  • Toxi Faktory
  • Apple Freeze
  • Gojira

Media

Radio Stations

These are the radio stations in Bordeaux.

• Wit FM :(Pop, Rock, Dance music)

• Black Box :(Hip-Hop, R&B, Ragga, Funk, Soul, Disco)

• Radio Nova Sauvagine :(Alternative Music)

• Campus FM :(Alternative Music)

• RIG :(World Music)

• La Clé des Ondes :(World Music)

• TRG :(Pop music)

• ARL :(World Music)

Newspaper

• Sud Ouest

• Bordeaux 7

• 20 Minutes

• Metro

TV

• TV 7

Transport

Road

Bordeaux is an important road and motorway junction. The city is connected to Paris by the A10 motorway, with Lyon by the A89, with Toulouse by the A62, and with Spain by the A63. There is a 45 km ring road called the "Rocade" which is often very busy. The project of another ring road is being discussed.

Bordeaux has 4 road bridges that cross the Garonne, the Pont-de-Pierre built in the 1820s and 3 modern bridges built after 1960: the Pont Saint Jean, just south of the Pont de Pierre (both located downtown), the Pont d'Aquitaine, a suspended bridge downstream from downtown, and the Pont François Mitterrand, located upstream of downtown. These 2 bridges are part of the ring road around Bordeaux. There is also a steel railway bridge, built in the 1850s by Gustave Eiffel, and used daily by 100s, including the TGV, a high speed train.

Rail

The main railway station, the Gare St-Jean near the centre of the city, welcomes 4 million passengers a year. It is served by the French national (SNCF) railway's high speed train, the TGV, that allows a trip to Paris in 3 hours, offering connections with major European centres such as Lille, Brussels, Amsterdam, Cologne, Geneva and London. The TGV also serves Toulouse and Irun from Bordeaux. Regular train service is provided to Nantes, Nice, Marseille and Lyon. The Gare St-Jean is the major hub for regional trains (TER) operated by the SNCF to Arcachon, Limoges, Agen, Périgueux, Pau and Bayonne.

Air

Bordeaux is served by an international airport, Aéroport de Bordeaux Mérignac, located 8km from the city center in the suburban city of Mérignac.

Trams, buses and boats

Bordeaux has an important public transport system called TBC. This company is run by the Connex group. The network is composed of:

• 3 tram lines (A, B and C)
• 75 bus routes, all connected to the tramway network (from 1 to 96)
• 12 night bus routes (from S1 to S12)
• An electric bus shuttle in the city centre
• A boat shuttle on the Garonne river

This network is operated from 5am to 1am

There have been several plans for a subway network to be set up but they were given up for both geological and financial reasons. The tramway system was started in the autumn of 2000 and put into service in December 2003, connecting Bordeaux with the suburban areas. It uses the APS technology, a brand new and exclusive cableless technology developed by French company Alstom and designed to preserve the aesthetic environment the tramway is surrounded by (although very controversial for its considerable cost of installation and maintenance, but also for the numerous technical problems that paralyzed the network for an unusually long time even if those problems have been resolved). At the same time many downtown streets and squares along the tramway lines became pedestrian areas, with limited access by cars.

Sport

The Stade Chaban-Delmas is the largest stadium. It can host 35000 spectators. There are two major sport teams in Bordeaux :

• Girondins de Bordeaux is the (soccer) team. It is part of the Ligue 1 in the French soccer championship.
• The USB-CABBG (Union de Stade Bordelais - Club Athlétique Bordeaux-Bègles) team is part of the Pro D2 (Second Division) of the Rugby Union Ligue Nationale de Rugby.
• Bordeaux is the home of one of the strongest cricket teams in France, "Bordeaux-La Brède".

There is a 250m wooden velodrome, Vélodrome du Lac, in Bordeaux which hosts international cycling competition in the form of UCI World Cup events.

Miscellaneous

Births

Bordeaux was the birthplace of:

• Bertrand Andrieu (1761-1822), engraver
• Jean Anouilh (1910-1987), dramatist
• Yvonne Arnaud (1892-1958), actress
• Decimus Magnus Ausonius (c. 310-395), Roman poet and rhetorician
• François Bigot (1703-1788), last Intendant of New France
• René Clément (1913-1996), actor, director, writer
• Damia (1899-1978), singer
• Lili Damita (1901-1994), actress
• Danielle Darrieux (born 1917), actress
• Jacques Ellul (1912–1994), sociologist, theologian, Christian anarchist
• Eugène Goossens (1867-1958) conductor, violinist
• François Mauriac (1885-1970), writer, Nobel laureate
• Édouard Molinaro (born 1928), film director, producer
• Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592), essayist
• St. Paulinus of Nola (354-431), educator, religious figure
• Georges Antoine Pons Rayet (1839–1906), astronomer, discoverer of the Wolf-Rayet stars, founder of the Bordeaux Observatory
• Richard II of England 1367- 1400
• Pierre Rode (1774-1830), violinist
• Jean-Jacques Sempé (born 1932), cartoonist
• Florent Serra, tennis player

Sister Cities and partnerships

Sister cities

• Bristol, United Kingdom, since 1947.
• Lima, Peru, since 1957
• Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, since 1962
• Munich, Germany, since 1964
• Los Angeles, United States, since 1968
• Porto, Portugal, since 1978
• Fukuoka, Japan, since 1982
• Madrid, Spain, since 1984
• Ashdod, Israel, since 1984
• Baku, Azerbaijan, since 1985
• Casablanca, Morocco, since 1988
• Wuhan, China, since 1998
• Oran, Algeria, since 2003

Partnerships

• Saint Petersburg, Russia, since 1992
• Kraków, Poland, since 1993

See also

• Archdiocese of Bordeaux
• List of mayors of Bordeaux
• Canelé, a local pastry
• Dogue de Bordeaux, a breed of dog originally bred for dog fighting
• Bordeaux-Paris, a former professional cycle race
• Battle of Bordeaux, an informal name for the World Cup football match between Brazil and Czechoslovakia on June 12, 1938 in Bordeaux
• Operation Frankton, a British Combined Operations raid on shipping in Bordeaux harbour, in December 1942 , during World War II
• French wine
• Bordeaux wine regions

References

External links

• Bordeaux city council website
• Tourist office website
• Official Girondins de Bordeaux website
• Sciences Po Bordeaux
• Tram and bus maps and schedules
• Bordeaux Wine official website
• Full screen interactive map of Bordeaux
• Bordeaux travel guide from Wikitravel

World Heritage Sites in France

Abbey Church of Saint-Savin sur Gartempe · Amiens Cathedral · Roman and Romanesque Monuments, Arles · Papal Palace, Episcopal Ensemble and Avignon Bridge, Avignon · Belfries of Belgium and France (with Belgium) · Bordeaux, Port of the Moon · Bourges Cathedral · Canal du Midi · Gulf of Porto (Calanche of Piana • Gulf of Girolata • Scandola Reserve) · Carcassonne · Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Former Abbey of Saint-Remi and Palace of Tau, Reims · Chartres Cathedral · Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay · Le Havre · Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes · Lyon · Mont-Saint-Michel and its Bay · Fontainebleau Palace and Park · Palace and Park of Versailles · Paris –  Banks of the Seine · Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance, Nancy · Pont du Gard · Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley · Provins · Pyrénées – Mont Perdu (with Spain) · Routes of Santiago de Compostela · Roman Theatre and its Surroundings and the "Triumphal Arch" of Orange · Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans · Saint-Émilion · Strasbourg –  Grande île · Vézelay Church and Hill

Préfectures of Départements of France
Bourg-en-Bresse (Ain) • Laon (Aisne) • Moulins (Allier) • Digne-les-Bains (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence) • Gap (Hautes-Alpes) • Nice (Alpes-Maritimes) • Privas (Ardèche) • Charleville-Mézières (Ardennes) • Foix (Ariège) • Troyes (Aube) • Carcassonne (Aude) • Rodez (Aveyron) • Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône) • Caen (