Bournemouth

 

(bôrn'məth) , city (1991 pop. 142,849) and district, Dorset, S central England, on Poole Bay. It has grown since the middle of the 19th cent. from a small fishing village in the sheltered, pine-wooded valley of the Bourne to a popular resort and fine-arts center. It has an excellent sandy beach, a temperate climate, and numerous parks. The writer Mary Shelley is buried in the city's parish churchyard.

Bournemouth
Bournemouth shown within Dorset
Population	163,600[1]
OS grid reference	SZ085912
- London	105 miles
Unitary authority	Bournemouth
Ceremonial county	Dorset
Region	South West
Constituent country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	BOURNEMOUTH
Postcode district	BH1 to BH11
Dialling code	01202
Police	Dorset
Fire	Dorset
Ambulance	South Western
UK Parliament	Bournemouth East
	Bournemouth West
European Parliament	South West England
Website: http://www.bournemouth.co.uk
List of places: UK • England • Dorset

Coordinates: 50°′N 1°′W / 50.72, -1.88

Bournemouth is a large town and tourist resort, situated on the south coast of England. With a population of 164,000 it is the largest settlement in the ceremonial county of Dorset, though in the historic county of Hampshire. The town is a regional centre of education and business, and forms the main part of the South East Dorset conurbation, with the adjoining town of Poole. It is also the largest town on the English south coast between Southampton and Plymouth. The town is most notable as the home of the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, The Arts Institute at Bournemouth as well as Bournemouth University and the Bournemouth International Centre. The town is also home to several financial companies including JPMorgan Chase, Nationwide Building Society, Liverpool Victoria and Standard Life.

In a recent survey by First Direct Bank, Bournemouth was found to be the happiest place in Britain with 82% of people questioned saying they were happy with their life.^[2]

Geography

Bournemouth is located about 105 miles southwest of London at 50.72° N 1.88° W. A roundabout at the end of the Wessex Way called "County Gates" (but commonly known as Frizzell roundabout after the insurance brokers based there, now part of Liverpool Victoria friendly society) marks the historic border between Hampshire and Dorset, and also marks the border between Bournemouth and Poole.

Historically Bournemouth was part of Hampshire, with Poole just to the west of the border between the two counties. At the time of the 1974 local government re-organisation, it was considered desirable that the whole of the Poole/Bournemouth urban area should be part of the same county. Bournemouth therefore became part of the non-metropolitan county of Dorset on 1 April 1974. On April 1 1997, Bournemouth became a unitary authority, independent from the county council. For the purposes of the Lieutenancy it remains part of the ceremonial county of Dorset.

The urban geography of Bournemouth is complex as the town merges with several other towns to form the South East Dorset conurbation which has a combined population of 383,713,^[1] the whole area being sufficiently populous to be one of the major retail and commercial centres in the south of England. As such the town adjoins Poole in the west and Christchurch in the east. To the north west of Bournemouth is the small town of Wimborne and to the north east is the settlement of Ferndown. Bournemouth International Airport lies to the north east of the town centre, towards Hurn. The town is intersected by the A338 dual carriageway, known as the "Wessex Way".

Although Bournemouth lies adjacent to the sea, the centre of the town lies inland - the commercial and civil heart of the town being The Square. From the Square the gardens descend down to the seafront and the pier. Areas within Bournemouth itself include Bear Cross, Boscombe, Kinson, Pokesdown and Westbourne. Traditionally a large retirement town, Bournemouth (mostly the Northbourne, Southbourne and Tuckton areas of Bournemouth together with the Wallisdown, and Talbot Village areas of Poole) have seen massive growth in recent years, especially through the growth of students attending Bournemouth University (the administrative area and main campus of which is in fact located in Poole).

Bournemouth is located directly to the east of the "Jurassic Coast", a 95 mile section of beautiful and largely unspoilt coastline recently designated a World Heritage Site. Apart from the beauty of much of the coastline, the Jurassic Coast provides a complete geological record of the Jurassic period and a rich fossil record^[3]. Bournemouth itself overlooks Poole Bay and the Isle of Wight, which is visible from some vantage points. Bournemouth also has approximately 7 miles of sandy beaches that run from Christchurch in the east to Sandbanks in the west. The stretch of beach along Poole Bay does not all belong to Bournemouth however, since its western part is in Poole.

Because of the coastal processes that operate in Poole Bay, the area is often used for surfing. An artificial reef (Europe's first) is expected to be installed at Boscombe, in Bournemouth, during the winter of 2007 using large sand-filled geotextile bags. The reef is being constructed as part of the larger Boscombe Spa Village development.^[4] Bournemouth also has several chines (e.g. Alum Chine) that lead down to the beaches and form a very attractive feature of the area. The beaches are themselves subdivided by groynes.

Literature references

Bournemouth is in Hardy country, and appears as Sandbourne in Thomas Hardy's novels. Tess lived in Sandbourne with Alec d'Urberville, and the town also features in The Well-Beloved and Jude the Obscure. Bournemouth is also mentioned in So Long, and Thanks for all the Fish, the fourth book of the inaccurately named Hitch Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy trilogy, in which a large robot comes to earth and spends a week lying on the beach in Bournemouth face down. In James Herbert's horror novel The Fog, the entire population of Bournemouth runs into the sea and drowns in a mass suicide. It is also mentioned in Roald Dahl's The Witches, where the hotel is located.

Apparently J. R. R. Tolkien spent 30 years taking holidays in Bournemouth, staying in the same room at the Hotel Miramar, with a second room to write in. He retired to nearby Poole.

Mary Shelley is buried in St. Peter's Church, her son Sir Percy having settled at Boscombe Manor.

Climate and tourism

Bournemouth is also in an area of England with a mild climate and a section of the coast that enjoys some of the warmest, driest and sunniest weather in Britain, especially in the summer. Because of this and the town's proximity to the New Forest, Jurassic Coast, Devon and the Dorset and Hampshire countryside, Bournemouth is a historically popular tourist destination.

History

Main article: History of Bournemouth

The area surrounding Bournemouth has been the site of human settlement for thousands of years. In 1800 the area was largely a remote and barren heathland. No-one lived at Bourne Mouth and the only regular visitors were a few fishermen, turf cutters and gangs of smugglers who landed their cargoes of spirits, tea and tobacco on the deserted beach.

The area had once been a hunting estate, 'Stourfield Chase', but by the late 18th century only a few small parts of it were maintained, including several fields around the Bourne Stream and a cottage known as Decoy Pond House, which stood near where The Square is today.

Generally, until 1802 the area was common land. The Christchurch Inclosures Act 1802 and the Inclosure Commissioners' Award of 1805 transferred hundreds of acres into private ownership for the first time.

In 1809, the Tapps Arms public house appeared on the heath. In 1812 the first residents, retired army officer Lewis Tregonwell and his wife, moved into their new home, built on land he had purchased from Sir George Ivison Tapps.

First Tregonwell and later Tapps began developing the settlement for holiday letting. They planted pine trees, providing a sheltered walk to the beach. The town would ultimately grow up around its scattered pines. Twenty-five years after the Tregonwells started work on their holiday mansion, Bournemouth was still a small community with a scattering of houses and cottages.

In 1835, after the death of Sir George Ivison Tapps, his son Sir George William Tapps-Gervis inherited his father's estate and started developing the seaside village into a resort similar to those that had already grown up along the south coast such as Weymouth and Brighton.

In 1841, there were still only a few hundred people living in Bournemouth, but that year saw the town visited by the physician Augustus Bozzi Granville. Granvilla was the author of The Spas of England, which described health resorts around the country. As a result of his visit, Dr Granville included a chapter on Bournemouth in the second edition of his book. It was this more than anything that put the town on the map as the perfect place for people with health problems, especially chest complaints, which were common in the 19th century. Bournemouth quickly became a destination for affluent holiday-makers and for invalids in search of 'the sea air'. In the 1840s the fields south of the road crossing (later The Square) were drained and laid out with shrubberies and walks.

In 1856, Parliament approved the Bournemouth Improvement Act. Under the Act, a board of 13 Commissioners was established to organise all the things involved in the running of a small but growing town, such as paving, sewers, drainage, street lighting and street cleaning.

By the 1860s the fields to the north were also laid out with walks by the owners of the Branksome Estate. In the early 1870s all the fields were leased to the Bournemouth Commissioners by the freeholders. These fields now form The Pleasure Gardens, which run through the centre of the town. The area continued to develop along with the railways and the popular idea of visiting the seaside for holidays. Among the people who contributed to the development of Bournemouth at this time were Sir Percy Florence Shelley (son of Percy Bysshe Shelley and Mary Shelley) and Sir Merton Russell-Cotes.

In 1880, the town had a population of 17,000 people. By 1900 this had risen to 60,000, and by 1990 it had more than doubled again, reaching 150,000. In the latest census, the town had a population of 163,441. Since the 1990s there have been increasing calls for the town, together with Poole, to attain official city status (as per the example of Brighton & Hove) due to its sheer expanse and regional importance.

Culture and recreation

The town is an important venue for major conferences, with the Bournemouth International Centre (BIC), which stands on the cliff-tops near the middle of the town overlooking the sea and the pier, often hosting the annual conferences of the main national political parties amongst its events. The BIC also hosts theatrical productions and concerts.

The Russell-Cotes Museum is located just to the east of the Central Gardens near to the Pavilion Theatre and next to the Royal Bath Hotel. The museum includes many fine mostly 19th century paintings and the family collections acquired when travelling e.g in Japan and Russia. It was Sir Merton Russell Cotes, one of Bournemouth's most prominent Victorians, who successfully campaigned to have a promenade built; it runs continuously along the Bournemouth and Poole shoreline.

The Royal Bath Hotel, located near the sea and just to the east of the Central Gardens, has attracted many important visitors over the years, including Oscar Wilde, H. G. Wells, Richard Harris, Sir Thomas Beecham, Shirley Bassey, and prime ministers Lord Beaconsfield (who stayed for three months to help his gout), Gladstone, Asquith and Lloyd George. Royal guests have been Edward VII and Edward VIII when each was the Prince of Wales, George VI when he was the Duke of York, Queen Wilhemina of the Netherlands and Empress Eugenie of France.

Recently, Bournemouth has become the venue of the Professional Darts Championship "The Premier Legue". It is hosted at the Bournemouth International centre and has received much acclaimation by the fans as 2006, Raymond Van Barneveld hit a '9 darter' against 'one dart' Peter Manley. It was hotly rated as one of the favourites to become the new host for the PDC World Championships as the last site, Circus Tavern, could not hold the growing numbers of fans.

Gardens and Sport

Bournemouth award winning Central Gardens are a separate major public park, leading for several miles down the valley of the River Bourne through the centre of the town to the sea (reaching the sea at Bournemouth Pier) and include the Pleasure Gardens and the area surrounding the Pavilion and the IMAX cinema.

The town also plays host to professional football club, AFC Bournemouth, currently playing in League One and to Bournemouth F.C. who play in the Wessex League Premier Division. AFC Bournemouth play at the Fitness First Stadium near Boscombe in Kings' Park, about two miles east of the town centre. Bournemouth Gasworks Athletic F.C. were a non-league side much closer to the town centre, though lacked support and went bankrupt recently.

Bournemouth Rugby Club, currently in South West Division One, has its home at the Bournemouth Sports Club located next to Hurn Airport. As well as an expanding seniors section the club also has a very large youth and mini section.

Bournemouth Cricket Club situated next to Bournemouth International Airport is one of Dorset's premier cricket clubs. Their 1st team play in the Southern Premier League and have thriving youth section

Shopping

The main shopping streets in the centre of town are just behind the seafront on either side of the River Bourne; indeed footpaths lead down to the sea (from The Square) through the lower section of Bournemouth Central Gardens.

The shopping streets are mostly pedestrianised and lined with a wide range of boutiques, stores, jewellers and accessory shops. There are major stores (Beales, Dingles, Debenhams, Marks and Spencer, BHS), modern shopping malls, Victorian arcades (including the elegant Victorian Arcade between Westover Road and Old Christchurch Road), and a large selection of bars, clubs and cafés. About a mile to the west of the town centre, in the district of Westbourne, there is an impressive selection of designer clothes and interior design shops. About a mile to the east, in the district of Boscombe, there is another major shopping area including many antiques shops and a street market. North of the centre there is a new out-of-town shopping complex called Castlepoint with supermarkets, DIY stores and larger versions of high street shops. Other supermarkets are located in the town centre (ASDA and Co-Op), Boscombe (Sainsbury's) and between Westbourne and Upper Parkstone.

Nightlife

Bournemouth, once referred to as "God's Waiting Room", has in recent years become a much younger and vibrant place. It has a large student population (including many exchange students) and many young people are drawn there by its extensive nightlife, including clubs with 24 hour licences, often open until morning. The town has many nightclubs and pubs, most of which have taken advantage of the recent change in licensing laws to stay open after the traditional pub closing time. Bournemouth applied for the most 24-hour licences of any town/city in the UK. However drinking alcohol outside in public in Bournemouth is not allowed. St. Peter's Road and Fir Vale Road (one which has several large clubs/bars on it including Toko, Bliss and Elements) is closed after 10pm on Friday and Saturday evenings with large gates stopping local traffic driving down it. Only taxis picking people up are permitted to drive down the road.

Bournemouth Air Festival

Bournemouth Air Festival was launched on the 10th of August 2007 and will be a four day event at the end of the summer of 2008. The show will be centred on the Red Arrows with displays also from Lancasters, Hurricanes and Spitfires.

Education

The Bournemouth local education authority was first set up in 1903 and remained in existence until local government was reorganised in 1974 when Bournemouth lost its County Borough status and became part of the county of Dorset. Under the later reforms of 1997, Bournemouth became a unitary authority and the Bournemouth local education authority was re-established.

Bournemouth is one of the minority of local authorities in England still to maintain selective education, with two grammar schools (one for boys, one for girls) and eight secondary modern/comprehensive schools.

There are also a small number of independent schools in the town, and a further education college.

The town also has its own internationally recognised university - Bournemouth University the main campus of which is actually is in neighbouring Poole.

The Arts Institute at Bournemouth, officially in Poole, is a small HEI (university) specialising in arts, design and media degree courses.

Bournemouth is also a major centre for the teaching of English and has numerous English language schools. Many thousands of foreign students are attracted to the town every year, an important form of invisible trade.

• See list of Bournemouth schools

Economy

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Bournemouth and Poole at current basic prices published (pp. 240-253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.

Year	Regional Gross Value Added[1]	Agriculture[2]	Industry[3]	Services[4]
1995	2,740	4	665	2,071
2000	4,142	2	890	3,250
2003	4,705	2	898	3,804

1. Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
2. includes hunting and forestry
3. includes energy and construction
4. includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Many well-known global businesses were started in the Bournemouth area and many have later chosen to relocate their headquarters to Bournemouth because of the relatively low prices in comparison with London.

The following is a non-exhaustive list:

• JPMorgan Chase - its European headquarters employs around 10,000 people
• Portman Building Society
• UISL, part of the Unisys group of companies
• Fitness First was started in Bournemouth and its headquarters are in the neighbouring town of Poole
• McCarthy & Stone
• Liverpool Victoria formally Frizzell Insurance
• Barclays Bank has a major IT centre in Poole
• Rias Insurance company has a major office in Bournemouth
• Standard Life has a large office in Bournemouth
• Lloyds TSB Insurance has its call centre in Bournemouth

Transport

With the growth of Bournemouth in recent years, traffic has increased dramatically.^{[citation needed]} The conurbation of Bournemouth, Poole and Christchurch shows increasing traffic congestion and the roads are often busy. Though attempts are being made to alleviate the congestion, the town is reliant on a few main roads in and out of the centre.^[5] The local councils have recently launched a local traffic information website.[1] Local buses are provided by two rival companies, Wilts and Dorset, the former National Bus Company subsidiary, and Transdev Yellow Buses, the former Bournemouth Council owned company.

There is no motorway within the county of Dorset, although there is dual carriageway - the A338 "Wessex Way" - from Bournemouth town centre to the A31 trunk road, which in turn connects to the M27 at Southampton. From here the M3 leads to London, and fast access may also be gained via the A34 to the M4 north of Newbury, Berkshire. National Express coaches serves Bournemouth Travel Interchange, Boscombe and Westbourne. There are frequent departures to London Victoria Coach Station. There are direct services to the West Country, Sussex coast (Brighton and Eastbourne), Bristol, Birmingham and the Midlands, the North West, and to Edinburgh and Glasgow. Flightlink serves Heathrow Airport with connections to Gatwick and Stansted Airports.

Bournemouth is well served by the rail network with two stations in the town, Bournemouth railway station and Pokesdown railway station to the East. Parts of western Bournemouth can also be reached from Branksome station. Bournemouth station is located some way from the town centre, due to the town's founding fathers not wishing to have a station within the town boundary, which extended 1 mile from the pier. However, this is not a major problem as the town has grown significantly since its founding and the railway station is now a major public transport hub for the area. The station was originally ¨Bournemouth East¨ with a second station serving the west of the town in Queens Road. (Poole station is by contrast near to Poole town centre). South West Trains operates a comprehensive service to London Waterloo with a journey time of as little as 1 hour 40 minutes. This line also serves Southampton, Winchester and Basingstoke to the East, and Poole, Wareham, Dorchester and Weymouth to the West. Virgin Trains serve destinations to the North with direct trains to Reading, Oxford, Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Manchester and the Northwest, Yorkshire, Newcastle, and Edinburgh and Glasgow. South Central Trains 'West-Coastway' services are available by changing at Southampton Central. The Sussex Coastal towns of Chichester, Worthing, Hove and Brighton are served and trains continue to Gatwick Airport and London Victoria.

Bournemouth International Airport is a short journey from the town centre - enabling passengers and freight to be flown directly to destinations in the UK and Europe. Taxis going to Bournemouth are available at the taxi stand on the airport and will bring you to town centre in approximately 10-15 minutes. A typical ride will cost anywhere between £10 and £15 pounds. Heathrow and Gatwick are accessible by car or coach. Ryanair, Easyjet, Air Berlin, Wizz Air and Thomsonfly.com provide scheduled services to major destinations throughout the UK and Europe. Since 1993 Palmair have held their base at Bournemouth Airport as a charter airline offering charter flights to destinations on behalf of Bath Travel. The airport found fame in February 2006 when explorer Steve Fossett landed here following his successful attempt to fly around the world in his plane "Virgin Atlantic Global Flyer".

The nearby port at Poole Harbour hosts Brittany Ferries services to northern France and Condor Ferries to the Channel Islands.

Wildlife

The Bournemouth area has long been a place wherein many unusual species of animals and plants can be found. Brownsea island, in nearby Poole Harbour, is one of the few places in the south where the red squirrel still remains, and the ant Formica pratensis had its last stronghold in the area, although it is now thought to be extinct on the mainland. Although described by Farren White as "the common wood ant of Bournemouth" in the mid-19th century, the noted entomologist Horace Donisthorpe found only one colony of true pratensis out of hundreds of F. rufa nests there in 1906. In recent times the last known two colonies disappeared in the 1980s, making this ant the only ant species thought to have become extinct in Great Britain. It does, however, still survive on cliff-top locations in the Channel Islands. The rare narrow-headed ant also used to exist in Bournemouth, although it has died out in the area.

Naming Conventions

The word 'Bournemouth' is often used (erroneously) to describe the South East Dorset conurbation, which also contains neighbouring towns of Poole, Christchurch, Wimborne Minster, Verwood, Ringwood and New Milton. As a result, the following misnomers have come to exist:

• "Bournemouth University" has its main campus located in Poole, on the boundary with Bournemouth.
• "Bournemouth International Airport" is located near Hurn in the borough of Christchurch, and was originally named Hurn Airport.
• "Bournemouth Bay" is a common misnomer for Poole Bay.
• The "Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra" recently moved to Poole.

References

See also

• List of Dorset beaches
• List of Bournemouth schools

External links

• Official Bournemouth Borough Council information site
• Official Bournemouth tourist information site
• Bournemouth history in photos
• Bournemouth language schools
• A nightguide for Bournemouth

Districts of South West England

Bath and North East Somerset • Bournemouth • Bristol • Caradon • Carrick • Cheltenham • Christchurch • Cotswold • East Devon • East Dorset • Exeter • Forest of Dean • Gloucester • Isles of Scilly • Kennet • Kerrier • Mendip • Mid Devon • North Cornwall • North Devon • North Dorset • North Somerset • North Wiltshire • Penwith • Plymouth • Poole • Purbeck • Restormel • Salisbury • Sedgemoor • South Gloucestershire • South Hams • South Somerset • Stroud • Swindon • Taunton Deane • Teignbridge • Tewkesbury • Torbay • Torridge • West Devon • West Dorset • West Somerset • West Wiltshire • Weymouth and Portland Counties with multiple districts: Cornwall • Devon • Dorset • Gloucestershire • Somerset • Wiltshire

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