boyar

 

(bōyärz') , upper nobility in Russia from the 10th through the 17th cent. The boyars originally obtained influence and government posts through their military support of the Kievan princes. Their power and prestige, however, soon came to depend almost completely on landownership. The boyars occupied the highest state offices and through a council advised the prince. When political power shifted to Moscow in the 14th and 15th cent., the boyars retained their influence. However, as the Moscow grand princes consolidated their power, the influence of the boyars was gradually eroded, particularly under Ivan III and Ivan IV. Their ancient right to leave the service of one prince for another was curtailed, as was their right to hold land without giving obligatory service to the czar. The political turmoil of the so-called time of troubles further weakened the boyars, and in the 17th cent. the rank and title of boyar was abolished by Peter I.

This article refers to the aristocratic title of boyar. For the Boyar caste of India, see Boyar (caste).

A boyar (also spelled bojar, Romanian: boier) was a member of the highest rank of the feudal Bulgarian, Romanian, Russian, and Ukrainian aristocracy, second only to the ruling princes, from the 10th century through the 17th century. The "rank" has lived on as a surname in Russia and in Finland, where it is spelled "Pajari".^[1]

Etymology

According to some the word is of Turkic origin and it is composed of the roots boy ("tribe") and ar ("shame/embarrassment") or ari (pure/clean).^[2] Other sources claim it comes from Russian boyarin (member of Boyar, the tribe), from Old Russian boljarin. Each nomadic Turkic tribe had the name boy in the name, such as the Turkic tribe that settled into Anatolia were from Kayi Boyu (one of the 24 Oghuz Boys that migrated from central asia), old Turkic word kayi, strong, Kayi Tribe, the strong tribe. Another strong hypothesis — the term boljarin could actually derive from the Bulgar word boila, noble (see below Boyars in Bulgaria).

Boyars in Bulgaria

The oldest Slavic form of boyar — bolyarin, pl. bolyari (Bulgarian: болярин, pl. боляри) — dates from the 10th century and it is found in Bulgaria, where it might have stemmed from the old Bulgar title boila, which denoted a high aristocratic status among the Bulgars. It was probably transformed through boilar or bilyar to bolyar and bolyarin. In support of this hypothesis is the 10th century diplomatic protocol of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII where the Bulgarian nobles are called boliades,^[3] while the 9th century Bulgarian sources call them boila.^[4]

A member of the nobility during the First Bulgarian Empire was called a boila, while in the Second Bulgarian Empire the corresponding title became bolyar or bolyarin. Bolyar, as well as its predecessor, boila, was a hereditary title.

The bolyars were divided into veliki (great) and Mali (small). In Bulgaria at present the word bolyari is used as a nickname for the inhabitants of Veliko Tarnovo — the former capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire.

Boyars in the lands of East Slavs

In the Russian language, the singular is boyarin (боярин, IPA: [bʌ'jærʲɪn]), the plural is boyare and the feminine form is boyarinya. In the Ukrainian language, the singular form is similar to Russian, but the plural masculine form is Boyary (Бояри), and the plural feminine form is Boyarynyi (Боярині)

Boyars wielded considerable power through their military support of the Kievan princes. Power and prestige of many of them, however, soon came to depend almost completely on service to the state, family history of service and to a lesser extent, landownership.

The boyars occupied the highest state offices and through a council (Rada) advised the prince. They received extensive grants of land and, as members of the Boyars' Rada, were the major legislators of Kievan Rus' ^[5].

After the Mongol invasion in the 13th century, the boyars from central and southern provinces of Rus' (Belarus and Ukraine) were partially incorporated into Lithuanian and Polish nobility. In the 14–15th centuries many of those boyars who failed to get the status of a nobleman actively participated in the formation of Cossack military organizations on the southern borders of the Polish-Lithuanian state. Also, some boyars who could not adapt themselves to the historical and social changes moved to Moscow and received high positions among the local aristocracy.

In Moscow in the 14th and 15th centuries, the boyars retained their influence. However, as the Grand Dukes of Muscovy consolidated their power, the influence of the boyars was gradually eroded, particularly under Ivan III and Ivan IV.

Tsar Ivan IV "Ivan the Terrible" severely restricted the Knyaz powers during the 16th century. Their ancient right to leave the service of one prince for another was curtailed, as was their right to hold land without giving obligatory service to the tsar.

The Boyar Duma expanded from around 30 people to around 100 in the 17th century and was finally abolished by Tsar Peter the Great in 1711 in his extensive reforms of government and administration.

Boyars in Wallachia and Moldavia

In the Carpathian regions inhabited by Romanians, the boyar (Romanian:boier) class emerged from the chiefs (named cneaz or jude in the areas north of the Danube and celnic south of the river) of rural communities in the early Middle Ages, initially elected, who later made their judicial and administrative attributions hereditary and gradually expanded them upon other communities. After the appearance of more advanced political structures in the area their privileged status had to be confirmed by the central power, which used this prerogative to include in the boyar class individuals that distinguished themselves in the military or civilian functions they performed (by allocating them lands from the princely domains).

The boyars progressively differentiated themselves into ‘great’ boyars (who owned numerous, large domains and held important functions in the central administration) and ‘small’ boyars (who owned small estates and held less important functions). Starting with the first half of the 15th century they became the most important political force in Wallachia and Moldavia. In Transylvania they were either assimilated by the Hungarian nobility or lost their status, becoming simple peasants.

A number of Historical Romanian ranks and titles were reserved for Boiers, notably Medelnicer, Postelnic and (Mare) Stolnic.

Although over the centuries their influence alternated with periods of centralism the boyars of Wallachia and Moldavia increased their privileges (they had absolute control over the inhabitants of their domains, full tax exemptions and only boyars could hold offices). Divided into numerous factions they frequently attempted to remove or replace the princes of those two countries, a process usually accompanied by crimes and atrocities from both sides. Since the 16th century members of the great boyar families replaced the traditional princes from the Basarab and Muşat dynasties on the thrones of Wallachia and Moldavia.

In the 17th and 18th centuries the Romanian boyars became increasingly influenced by Greek culture, adopting its institutions and way of life; during this time rich people of common origin became boyars by simply buying the rank from the prince, in order to have access to important public functions. However, in the early 1800s many boyars (especially the foreign-educated ones) became advocates of change and modernization, being very active in the process of Romanian national awakening that culminated with the union of Wallachia and Moldavia in 1859. In the newly-created state the boyars remained a very important factor (even though their privileges had been gradually abolished since the 1830s) as they owned most of the land, thus controlling agriculture, the country’s most important activity. The boyars also had strong political representation, especially in the Conservative Party.

In the rapidly-changing economy of contemporary Romania, the boyars' medieval domains were practically converted into colonial plantations. This situation led to large peasant uprisings and was generally disapproved, but only in the dramatic circumstances of the post-WWI period did the Romanian government agree to carry out a significant land ownership reform. Between 1918 and 1921, 60,000 square kilometres of land were transferred to 1.4 million peasants, effectively ending the economic prominence of the boyars.

References

Related article

• Okolnichy
• Russian nobility

Donate to Wikimedia