Brookings Institution

Type: Private
On the web: http://www.brookings.edu
Employees: 346

The Brookings Institution is a non-partisan public policy organization that researches and analyzes emerging issues in areas such as economics, foreign policy, and governance. Its more than 200 resident and nonresident scholars perform research; write books, papers, and articles; testify in front of congressional committees; and participate in public events every year. The non-profit organization, which is financed by gifts and grants, got its start in 1916 and is named after businessman Robert S. Brookings, who was also a well-known civic leader and philanthropist.

Key numbers for fiscal year ending June, 2008:
Sales: $56.0M

Officers:
Chairman: John L. Thornton
President: Strobe Talbott
Treasurer and VP Finance and Administration: Frederick L. Silbernagel III

Nonprofit organization in Washington, D.C., which produces scholarly studies of significant economic and political issues and problems.

Brookings Institution, a pioneer nonpartisan research foundation concerned with economic, social, defense, and international public policies. Founded in 1916 as the Institute for Government Research (IGR), the Brookings Institution is considered the first "think tank" in America. The IGR was established by a group of wealthy businessmen and educators to promote the idea of "economy and efficiency" in government through an executive federal budget system, which was finally enacted as the Budget and Accounting Act in 1921. In these early years they undertook studies in state and national government reorganization, as well as establishing a graduate program in government and economics in conjunction with Washington University, St. Louis, and the Institute for Economic Research.

In 1927, the IGR was reorganized as the Brookings Institution, supported by an endowment created by Robert S. Brookings, a St. Louis philanthropist. Under its first president, Harold G. Moulton, the Brookings Institution undertook major economic studies and evaluations of New Deal programs. Following the Second World War, the Brookings Institution gained a reputation as a liberal research organization. With renewed foundation support primarily from the Ford Foundation, it emerged as the preeminent think tank in Washington, D.C., in the 1960s becoming a major center for policy innovation in welfare, health care, education, housing, and taxation policy, as well as defense, international economic policy, and foreign affairs. Although challenged by the emergence of other think tanks, most notably the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) and the Heritage Foundation (HF) on the right, and the Institute for Policy Research (IPR) on the left, the Brookings Institution maintained its reputation for analytically authoritative public policy research. The institution also has become a holding area for public officials and experts temporarily out of government. Although closely associated with the Democratic party, the Brookings Institution has cooperated in joint research projects with conservative think tanks such as the AEI and the HF, especially concerning free trade.

Bibliography

Critchlow, Donald T. The Brookings Institution, 1916–1952: Expertise and the Public Interest in a Democratic Society. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1985.

Dixon, Paul. Think Tanks. New York: Atheneum, 1971.

Ricci, David. The Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think Tanks. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1993.

Smith, James Allen. The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite. New York: Free Press, 1991.

—Donald T. Critchlow

The Brookings Institution is a private, independent, and nonpartisan research institution dedicated to the study of policy issues of U.S. national interest. It conducts research and disseminates its findings to the nation's leadership as well as to the general public, in the hope of offering practical solutions to problems in the areas of government, economics, and foreign policy. It prides itself on the caliber of its research fellows, the timeliness of its research, and the jargon-free accessibility of its publications on complex issues.

Program

The Brookings Institution provides an institutional base for scholars drawn from within academia as well as from the fields of government, business, and the professions. Although the institution does not exercise control over the results of the research, its president and board of directors do set the general research agenda. Having identified the problems that need to be addressed, the institution then invites specialists in relevant fields to conduct the necessary research and, when the work is done, provides a publishing venue to disseminate the results to the public.

In addition to serving this research function, the institution conducts graduate programs in economics, foreign and domestic policy, and urban issues, among other subjects. It provides facilities for visiting scholars engaged in private research relevant to the institution's own areas of interest. In addition it awards postdoctoral research fellowships to qualified individuals and sponsors advanced study seminar programs, which are open to government officials, business executives, labor leaders, and others.

Research at the institution falls under three general areas of specialization: economics, foreign policy, and government. Within each of these general disciplinary areas, there are a number of individual policy centers devoted to specific topics. Thus the economics policy center is comprised of the Urban Center, which focuses on urban development and the resolution of problems facing the nation's cities, and the Center on Social and Economic Dynamics, which studies such things as demographic change. In foreign policy there is the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies and the Center on the U.S. and France. Under government, there is the Brookings Center on Educational Policy and the Center for Public Service.

One important division in the government studies area is the Presidential Appointee Initiative. This center, established in the 1960s, provides guidance, advice, and training for individuals joining government service during the transition from one presidential administration to the next. The goal here is to guarantee the smooth continuity of governmental services and programs.

The institution also operates the Brookings Institution Press, which publishes the results of recent and ongoing research. In addition to books, the press also publishes the highly respected Brookings Review, a quarterly newsletter that features articles, written by the staff, dealing with the important policy issues of the day. It also produces several annual papers on educational policy, trade issues, economic activity, financial services, and urban affairs. The Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association, a research center at the institution, publishes Economia, a semiannual review of economic policy issues of importance in that region of the world.

Financial Support

The institution supports its activities with an endowment, supplemented by grants from foundations, corporations, and private individuals. In addition, it contracts to undertake research for the government and collects fees for some of its educational programs. It does not accept direct government funding, however, and maintains its independence from governmental control by asserting its right to independently publish its findings, even when the research is done in service to a government contract.

Organization

The institution is run by a board of trustees, which approves research projects and is charged with maintaining the independence of the organization. Heading the board is the institution's president, who acts as chief administrative officer and serves the important roles of fund-raiser and organizational spokesperson. The actual research is conducted by a professional staff of residential scholars, assisted in their efforts by the contributions of academics and professionals whenever the need arises.

History

In 1916 a group of civic-minded business executives and educators came together to discuss their perception that the day-to-day operation of the government was woefully in need of modernization. They formed the Institute for Government Research (IGR), the first private organization dedicated to research in the field of public policy. The IGR set as its first task the reorganization of the accounting and operational practices used by various government agencies. Their success in this effort earned them the role of adviser to Congress as it drafted accounting and budgeting legislation in the early 1920s.

Over the next few years other groups were formed that shared the IGR's concerns, notably the Institute of Economics (founded in 1922) and the Robert Brookings Graduate School (founded in 1924). In 1927 these two organizations joined forces with IGR to form the Brookings Institution, named for the St. Louis businessman who provided much of the inspiration for the enterprise. Robert Somers Brookings was named first chairperson of the new institution.

Robert Brookings provided more than inspiration and leadership during the institution's early years. Over his lifetime he personally contributed more than $1 million to the enterprise. On his death in 1932, however, his financial support ended, and the institution had to find new funding sources. It began to accept contract work from the government and private organizations, and for the next several years these provided the bulk of its income. Institute research contributed to much of the important legislation and administrative and policy initiatives of the 1930s and 1940s, including the development of the accounting procedures that supported the Social Security Administration, researching the problems of mobilization and manpower needs before the United States' entry into World War II, and the development of the Marshall Plan for European postwar recovery.

In 1952 the institution underwent significant reorganization, during which the three-field division of research into centers for economic, government, and foreign policy studies was developed. Academic specialists were actively recruited, and the institution gained broader public recognition. Throughout the next two decades the institution enjoyed the respect and support of the nation's political leadership, but this relationship broke down during the Nixon administration.

During this time the government began developing its own policy analysis capabilities and the Congressional Office of the Budget was formed, thus eliminating many of the contract opportunities on which the institution had long depended for funding. The institution shifted focus to reflect these changes, expanding its outreach to the general population and increasing its educational programs. By 1995 the Brookings Institution had once again redefined its role, nearly eliminating its contract work with the government and placing greatest emphasis on independent research and educational programs. It remains, however, one of the most highly respected and influential policy think tanks in the nation's capital.

Internet Resource

Brookings Institution. 2002. www.brookings.edu

— CHARLES B. SAUNDERS, Revised by, NANCY E. GRATTON

Founded in 1927, the Brookings Institution is a nonpartisan organization dedicated to research, education, and publication in the fields of economics, foreign policy, and government. It states as its principal purposes: "to aid in the development of sound public policies and to promote public understanding of issues of national importance."

Brookings maintains a 55,000-volume library. It is organized into the following divisions: Advanced Study, Economic Studies, Foreign Policy Studies, Governmental Studies (which includes some legal studies), Foreign Policy Studies, Governmental Studies, Publications, and a Social Science Computation Center.

The institution publishes the Brookings Bulletin (quarterly), the Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (twice a year), and an Annual Report. It also publishes its extensive research in books and reprints.

The Brookings Institution building near Dupont Circle in Washington, D.C.
Abbreviation	Brookings
Motto	Quality. Independence. Impact.
Formation	1916
Type	Public Policy Think Tank
Headquarters	1775 Massachusetts Avenue NW
Location	Washington, D.C.
President	Strobe Talbott
Website	brookings.edu

The Brookings Institution is a nonprofit, public policy organization based in Washington, D.C.^[1] One of Washington's oldest think tanks, Brookings conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics, metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, and global economy and development.^[2][3]

Its stated mission is to "provide innovative and practical recommendations that advance three broad goals: strengthen American democracy; foster the economic and social welfare, security and opportunity of all Americans; and secure a more open, safe, prosperous, and cooperative international system."^[1]

The Foreign Policy Think Tank Index ranked Brookings as the #1 U.S. think tank in 2009.^[4] The organization's president, Strobe Talbott, was United States Deputy Secretary of State under President Bill Clinton. Brookings employs five research vice presidents: Kemal Derviş (former head of the United Nations Development Programme), Karen Dynan, Bruce Katz, Martin Indyk, and Darrell M. West. Ted Gayer serves as co-director of the Economic Studies program.

Contents 1 Publications 2 Policy influence 3 Political stance 3.1 Saban Center for Middle East Policy 3.2 21st Century Defense Initiative (21CDI) 4 History 4.1 1916-1979 4.2 1980-2009 5 Research Programs 5.1 Notable Scholars 5.2 Funders 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

Publications

Brookings as an institution produces an Annual Report.^[5] The Brookings Institution Press publishes books and journals from the institution's own research as well as authors outside the organization.^[6] The books and journals they publish include Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy, Globalphobia: Confronting Fears about Open Trade, India: Emerging Power, Through Their Eyes, Taking the High Road, Masses in Flight and Stalemate to name a few. In addition, books, papers, articles, reports, policy briefs and opinion pieces are produced by Brookings research programs, centers, projects and, for the most part, by experts.^[7][8]

Policy influence

Brookings traces its history back to 1916 and has contributed to the creation of the United Nations, the Marshall Plan, and the Congressional Budget Office, as well as influenced policies of deregulation, broad-based tax reform, welfare reform, and foreign aid.^[9] It is ranked the number one think tank in the world in the annual think tank index published by Foreign Policy^[10], of the 200 most prominent think tanks in the U.S., the Brookings Institution's research is the most widely cited by the media^[11][12]. In a 1997 survey of congressional staff and journalists, Brookings ranked as the second-most influential and first in credibility among 27 think tanks.^[13] Moreover, “Brookings and its researchers are not so concerned, in their work, in affecting the ideological direction of the nation” and rather tend “to be staffed by researchers with strong academic credentials.”^[13] Along with the American Enterprise Institute and Heritage Foundation, Brookings is generally considered one of the three most influential policy institutes in the U.S.^[14]

Political stance

As a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, Brookings describes itself as independent and non-partisan. The New York Times has referred to the organization as liberal, liberal-centrist, centrist, and conservative.^{[15][16][17][18][19][20][21]} The Washington Post sometimes describes Brookings as liberal but usually does not characterize the institution and has quoted both Republican and Democratic scholars.^[22][23][24] The Los Angeles Times described Brookings as liberal-leaning and centrist before concluding these labels made no sense.^{[25][26][27][28]} In 1977, Time Magazine described them as the "nation's pre-eminent liberal think tank."^[29] The organization is described as centrist by the progressive media watchdog group Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting.^{[12][30][31][32]}

Some liberals argue that despite its left-of-center reputation, Brookings foreign policy scholars have been overly supportive of Bush administration policies abroad.^[33][34] Matthew Yglesias, for example, has pointed out that Brookings's Michael O'Hanlon frequently agrees with—and appears on stage with—scholars from conservative organizations such as the American Enterprise Institute, The Weekly Standard, and the Project for a New American Century.^[33] Similarly, Brookings fellow and research director Benjamin Wittes is a member of the conservative Hoover Institution's Task Force on National Security and Law.^[35] Brookings scholars have served in Republican and Democratic administrations, including Mark McClellan, Ron Haskins and Martin Indyk.^[36] Michael O'Hanlon and Benjamin Wittes have never served in government.

The Brookings Board of Trustees include prominent Republicans such as Kenneth Duberstein, a former chief of staff to Ronald Reagan, and prominent Democrats, such as Laura Tyson, former chair of the Council of Economic Advisers under Bill Clinton. Its scholars include former government officials hailing from both Democratic and Republican administrations, as well as many who have not served in government and do not advertise a party affiliation.^[37]

Saban Center for Middle East Policy

In 2002, the Brookings Institution established the Saban Center for Middle East Policy in order "to promote a better understanding of the policy choices facing American decision makers in the Middle East".^[38] The Center is named after Haim Saban, an Israeli-American media proprietor, who donated $13 million toward its establishment^[39] and directed by Ken Pollack.

21st Century Defense Initiative (21CDI)

The 21st Century Defense Initiative (21CDI) was launched by the Foreign Policy Studies at Brookings Institution, in response to recent changes in the international security environment. The Initiative produces cutting-edge research, analysis, and outreach that address some of the most critical issues facing leaders shaping defense and security policy in the coming century. 21CDI focuses on three core issues: the future of war, the future of U.S. defense needs and priorities, and the future of the U.S. defense system.^[40]

The Initiative also serves as a mechanism to draw upon the wealth of expertise and capacity that exist within the Brookings Foreign Policy Studies Program and its world-class regional centers, including the Center on the United States and Europe, the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, the Thorton China Center, and the Saban Center for Middle East Policy. Its creation allows the integration of regional knowledge with defense analysis in a manner not possible at other institutions.^[41]

21CDI research topics include counter-insurgency, military technology, current military operations, the United States Department of Defense budgeting, and general defense issues.^[42] 21CDI has a special portal to the policy community through itsFederal Executive Fellows Program:career officers from each military service, the CIA, and the Coast Guard, who spend a year in residence researching and publishing on cutting-edge defense topics.

Dr. Peter W. Singer, author of Wired for War, serves as the Director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative and Dr. Michael E. O'Hanlon, Senior Fellow and expert in U.S. national security policy, serves as the Director of Research.^[43]Senior Fellow Stephen P. Cohen, a South Asian security and proliferation expert and Vanda Felbab-Brown, expert in the national security implications of illicit economies, are also affiliated with 21CDI.^[44] Click here for the 21st Century Defense Initiative (21CDI) website. ^[45]

History

1916-1979

Brookings was founded in 1916 as the Institute for Government Research (IGR) with the mission of becoming "the first private organization devoted to analyzing public policy issues at the national level."^[46]

The Institution's founder, philanthropist Robert S. Brookings (1850–1932), originally financed the formation of three organizations: the Institute for Government Research, the Institute of Economics, and the Robert Brookings Graduate School.^[3] The three were merged into the Brookings Institution in 1927.^[3]

During the Great Depression economists at Brookings embarked on a large scale study commissioned by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to understand the underlying causes of the depression. Brookings's first president Harold Moulton and other Brookings's scholars later led an effort to oppose President Roosevelt's New Deal policies because they thought such measures were impeding economic recovery.^[47] With the outbreak of World War II, Brookings researchers turned their attention to aiding the administration with a series of studies on mobilization.

In 1948, Brookings was asked to submit a plan for the administration of the European Recovery Program. The resulting organization scheme assured that the Marshall Plan was run carefully and on a businesslike basis.^[48]

In 1952, Robert Calkins succeeded Moulton as president of the Brookings Institution. He secured grants from the Rockefeller Foundation and the Ford Foundation that put the Institution on a strong financial basis. He reorganized the Institution around the Economic Studies, Government Studies, and Foreign Policy Progams. In 1957, the Institution moved from Jackson Avenue to a new research center near Dupont Circle on Massachusetts Avenue in Washington, DC.^[49]

Kermit Gordon assumed the presidency of Brookings in 1967. He began a series of studies of program choices for the federal budget in 1969 entitled "Setting National Priorities". He also expanded the Foreign Policy Studies Program to include research in national security and defense. After the election of Richard Nixon to the presidency in 1968, the relationship between the Brookings Institution and the White House deteriorated. Yet throughout the 1970s, Brookings was offered more federal research contracts than it could handle.^[50]

1980-2009

By the 1980s, the Institution faced an increasingly competitive and ideologically charged intellectual environment. The need to reduce the Federal Budget Deficit became a major research theme as well as investigating problems with national security and government inefficiency. Bruce MacLaury, fourth president of Brookings, also established the Center for Public Policy Education to develop workshop conferences and public forums to broaden the audience for research programs.^[51]

In 1995, Michael Armacost became the fifth president of the Brookings Institution and led an effort to refocus the Institution's mission heading into the 21st Century. Under Armacost's direction, Brookings created several interdisciplinary research centers such as the Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy (now the Metropolitan Policy Program) led by Bruce J. Katz, brought attention to the plight of cities and metropolitan areas, and the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, which brings together specialists from different Asian countries to examine regional problems.

Strobe Talbott became president of Brookings in 2002. Shortly thereafter, Brookings launched the Saban Center for Middle East Policy and the John L. Thornton China Center. In October 2006, Brookings announced the establishment of the Brookings-Tsinghua Center in Beijing. In July 2007, the Institution announced the creation of the Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform to be directed by senior fellow Mark McClellan, and then in October 2007, the creation of the Brookings Doha Center directed by fellow Hady Amr in Qatar.

Research Programs

The five main research programs are:

• Economic Studies Program
• Governance Studies Program
• Foreign Policy Studies Program
• Global Economy and Development Program
• Metropolitan Policy Program

Policy centers include the following:

• 21st Century Defense Initiative
• Brown Center on Education Policy
• Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies
• Center for Children and Families
• Center on Social and Economic Dynamics
• Center on the United States and Europe
• Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform
• John L. Thornton China Center
• Saban Center for Middle East Policy
• Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center
• The Wolfensohn Center for Development

Operational centers include the following:

• Brookings Doha Center
• Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy

Non-research programs include the following:

• Brookings Executive Education offered in partnership with the John M. Olin School of Business at Washington University in St. Louis^[52]
• Brookings Institution Press

Notable Scholars

• Stephen P. Cohen, Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, 21st Century Defense Initiative
• Kenneth Dam, Economic Studies
• E.J. Dionne, Governance Studies
• Joshua M. Epstein, Economic Studies, Center on Social and Economic Dynamics
• Vanda Felbab-Brown, Fellow, Foreign Policy, 21st Century Defense Initiative
• William G. Gale, Economic Studies, Tax Policy Center
• Ron Haskins, Economic Studies
• Stephen Hess, Media and Public Affairs, George Washington University
• Bruce Katz, Metropolitan Policy
• Mark McClellan, Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform
• Michael O'Hanlon, Director of Research and Senior Fellow
• Peter W. Singer, Director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative and Senior Fellow
• Alice Rivlin, Economic Studies, Senior Fellow
• Darrell M. West, Vice President and Director of Governance Studies

Funders

At the end of 2004 the Brookings Institution had assets of $258 million and spent $39.7 million, while its budget has grown to more than $80 million in 2009.^[53]Large contributors include the Pew Charitable Trusts, the MacArthur Foundation, the Carnegie Corporation; and the governments of the United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom.

See also

• Think tank
• List of Brookings Institution scholars
• Center on Budget and Policy Priorities
• Hoover Institution

References

1. ^ ^{a b} About Brookings
2. ^ Brookings Institution Encyclopedia Britannica.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Robert Somers Brookings - Brookings Institution
4. ^ [1]
5. ^ Brookings Annual Report
6. ^ Brookings Institution Press
7. ^ Brookings Press Blog
8. ^ Brookings Institution Press: Books
9. ^ [2], Brookings Institution History.
10. ^ [3], Foreign Policy: The Think Tank Index.
11. ^ "A Measure of Media Bias" by Tim Groseclose and Jeff Milyo, December 2004.
12. ^ ^{a b} Study Finds First Drop in Think Tank Cites by Michael Dolny, ‘’FAIR’’, May/June 2006
13. ^ ^{a b} War of Ideas: Why Mainstream and Liberal Foundations and the Think Tanks they Support are Losing in the War of Ideas in American Politics by Andrew Rich, Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2006
14. ^ Happy Birthday, Heritage Foundation by Jacob Weisberg, Slate, January 9, 1998
15. ^ [4], Closing Guantanamo.
16. ^ Next Generation of Conservatives (By the Dormful) by Jason DeParle, ‘’New York Times’’, June 14, 2005
17. ^ Silicon Valley's New Think Tank Stakes Out 'Radical Center' by Neil A. Lewis, ‘’New York Times’’, May 15, 1999
18. ^ ECONOMIC VIEW; Friedman And Keynes, Trading Pedestals by Tom Redburn, ‘’New York Times’’, September 24, 2000
19. ^ Marshall A. Robinson, 83, Former Foundation Chief, Dies by Wolfgang Saxon, ‘’New York Times’’, January 13, 2006
20. ^ Air Force's Newest Jet Fighter Is in Fierce Fight, in Capitol by Elizabeth Becker, ‘’New York Times’’, September 8, 1999
21. ^ The Way to Save ‘’New York Times’’, February 20, 2006
22. ^ Stumping for Attention To Deficit Disorder by Lori Montgomery, ‘’The Washington Post’’, June 21, 2007
23. ^ The Unbelievable Karl Rove by Dan Froomkin, ‘’Washingtonpost.com’’, November 13, 2006
24. ^ 2003 Budget Completes Big Jump in Spending by Glenn Kessler, ‘’The Washington Post’’, April 15, 2002
25. ^ [5], "Left-leaning" or "Nonpartisan"?.
26. ^ Parties Suggest They'd Yield for Stimulus Pact by Maura Reynolds and Richard Simon, ‘’Los Angeles Times’’, January 17, 2008
27. ^ U.S. Won't Say Who Killed Militant by Josh Meyer, ‘’Los Angeles Times’’, February 2, 2008
28. ^ A green light to genocide by Goldberg, ‘’Los Angeles Times’’, July 24, 2007
29. ^ The Other Think Tank Time Magazine, September 19, 1977
30. ^ Sam Husseini, "Brookings: The Establishment's Think Tank," Extra!, Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (November/December 1998).
31. ^ Lawrence Soley, "Brookings: Stand-In for the Left," Extra!, Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (1991).
32. ^ Michael Dolny, "Think Tanks in a Time of Crisis," Extra!, Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (March/April 2002).
33. ^ ^{a b} Very Serious Indeed by Matthew Yglesias, Atlantic Monthly, August 24, 2007
34. ^ The Truth Behind the Pollack-O'Hanlon Trip to Iraq by Glenn Greenwald, Salon.com.
35. ^ Yoonited States of America
36. ^ [6], The Brookings Institution Experts.
37. ^ [7], The Brookings Board of Trustees.
38. ^ About Us, Saban Center for Middle East Policy, Brookings Institution
39. ^ Saban Family Foundation Announces $100 Million in Charitable Gifts Find Articles 2003-06-23
40. ^ [http://www.brookings.edu/projects/21defense.aspx.
41. ^ [http://www.http://www.brookings.edu/projects/21defense/about.aspx.
42. ^ [http://www.brookings.edu/foreign-policy/research.aspx.
43. ^ [http://www.http://www.brookings.edu/projects/21defense/about.aspx.
44. ^ [http://www.http://www.brookings.edu/projects/21defense/experts.aspx.
45. ^ [http://www.brookings.edu/projects/21defense.aspx.
46. ^ Brookings Institution History Brookings Institution.
47. ^ Brookings History: The Depression.
48. ^ Brookings History: War and Readjustment.
49. ^ Brookings History: Academic Prestige.
50. ^ Brookings History: National Doubts and Confusion.
51. ^ Brookings History: Setting New Agendas.
52. ^ About Brookings Executive Education
53. ^ Brooking's Annual Report

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Brookings Institution

• Brookings Institution Official Web Site.
• Brookings Institution Press

• Think Tank Rankings

• Opportunity 08
• Dr. Peter W. Singer, Website
• Blueprint for American Prosperity
• Brookings's Tax Policy Center
• "Brookings: The Establishment's Think Tank", Extra!, FAIR, November/December 1998
• "The Brookings Institution: a Think Tank of Good Feelings", Voltaire Network, June 30, 2004 (Critic of Brookings).
• Second Statement on Post-War Iraq
• "...credible Iraq experts O'Hanlon and Pollack

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