bruise

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A bruise is likely to develop whenever your body collides with another object, so it is a very common injury in any contact sport. A bruise forms from seepage of blood in an internal wound. The blood gradually decomposes, changing colour from red to blue as haemoglobin loses its oxygen, and then to yellow as the haemoglobin is reabsorbed. The accumulation of blood in damaged tissues can be reduced by applying firm pressure for 3-5 minutes immediately after the injury, followed by a cold compress. See also haematoma.

[BROOZ] In cooking, to partially crush an ingredient in order to release its flavor. Bruising a garlic clove with the flat side of a knife crushes without cutting it.

Visible bruising is well known to result from a blunt injury to the body surface. It may also follow deeper injuries — sprains or fractures — but this takes longer to show itself. A bruise is due to rupture of blood vessels and escape of blood into the interstices among the cells and connective tissue beneath the outermost layer of skin. The red blood cells break down, and their pigment, haemoglobin, undergoes chemical changes which account for the sequence of colours in the bruise. The debris is eventually removed by macrophages. A bruise can likewise occur internally on or in any organ or tissue subjected to a blow, squeeze or stretch: contusion is an alternative term.

— Stuart Judge

verb

To make a bruise or bruises on: contuse. See help/harm/harmless.

Definition

Bruises, or ecchymoses, are a discoloration and tenderness of the skin or mucous membranes due to the leakage of blood from an injured blood vessel into the tissues. Purpura refers to bruising as the result of a disease condition. A very small bruise is called a petechia. These often appear as many tiny red dots clustered together and could indicate a serious problem.

Description

Bruises change colors over time in a predictable pattern, so that it is possible to estimate when an injury occurred by the color of the bruise. Initially, a bruise will be reddish, the color of the blood under the skin. After one to two days, the red blood cells begin to break down, and the bruise will darken to a blue or purplish color. This color fades to green at about day six. Around the eighth or ninth day, the skin over the bruised area will have a brown or yellowish appearance, and it will gradually fade back to its normal color.

Long periods of standing cause blood that collects in a bruise to seep through the tissues. Bruises are actually made of little pools of blood, so the blood in one place may flow toward the ground, and the bruise may appear in another location. For instance, bruising in the back of the abdomen may eventually appear in the groin; bruising in the thigh or the knee will work its way down to the ankle.

Demographics

All persons develop bruises at many times during their lives. The condition is entirely natural and normal.

Causes and Symptoms

Healthy people may develop bruises from any injury that does not break through the skin. Vigorous exercise may also cause bruises due to bringing about small tears in blood vessels walls. In a condition known as purpura simplex, there is a tendency to bruise easily due to an increased fragility of the blood vessels. Bruises also develop easily in the elderly, because the skin and blood vessels have a tendency to become thinner and more fragile with aging, and there tends to be an increased use of medications that interfere with the blood clotting system. In the condition known as purpura senilis, the elderly develop bruises from minimal contact that may take up to several months to completely heal.

The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories such as ibuprofen and naproxen sodium may lead to increased bruising. Aspirin, antidepressants, asthma medications, and cortisone medications also have this effect. The anticlotting medications also known as blood thinners, especially the drug warfarin (Coumadin), may be the cause of particularly severe bruising.

Sometimes bruises are linked with more serious illnesses. There are a number of diseases that cause excessive bleeding or bleeding from injuries too slight to have consequences in healthy people. An abnormal tendency to bleed may be due to hereditary bleeding disorders, certain prescription medications, diseases of the blood such as leukemia, and diseases that increase the fragility of blood vessels. If there are large areas of bruising or bruises develop very easily, this may herald a problem. Other causes that should be ruled out include liver disease, alcoholism, drug addiction, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Bruising that occurs around the navel may indicate dangerous internal bleeding; bruising behind the ear, called Battle's sign, may be due to a skull fracture; and raised bruises may point to autoimmune disease.

When to Call the Doctor

A physician or healthcare professional should be consulted when accidents involve extensive bruising or when bruises do not heal in a timely manner (seven to 10 days). A physician should be called if bruises appear in unusual locations on the body such as on the back or around the eyes or wrists. Such injuries are often the result of abuse.

Diagnosis

Bruising is usually a minor problem that does not require a formal medical diagnosis. However, faced with extensive bruising, bruising with no apparent cause, or bruising in certain locations, a physician will pursue an evaluation that includes a number of blood tests. If the area of the bruise becomes hard, an x ray may be required.

Treatment

A bruise by itself usually requires no medical treatment. It is often recommended that ice packs be applied on and off during the first 24 hours after injury to reduce the bruising. After that, heat, especially moist heat, is recommended to increase the circulation and the healing of the injured tissues. Rest, elevation of the affected part, and compression with a bandage will also retard the accumulation of blood. Rarely, if a bruise is so large that the body cannot completely absorb it or if the site becomes infected, it may have to be surgically removed.

Several types of alternative treatments are often recommended to speed healing and to reduce the pain associated with bruises. Most of these treatments are topical in nature and frequently include vitamin K cream can be applied directly to the site of injury. Astringent herbs such as witch hazel, Hamamelis virginiana, can be used. This treatment will tighten the tissues and therefore diminish the bruising. The homeopathic remedy, Arnica montana, can be applied as a cream or gel to unbroken skin.

Oral homeopathic remedies may reduce bruising, pain, and swelling as well. Arnica montana, at 30 ml (1 oz), taken one to two times per day is highly recommended.

Prognosis

The blood under the skin which causes the discoloration of bruising should be totally reabsorbed by the body in three weeks or less. At that time, the skin color should have completely returned to normal.

Sometimes a bruise may become solid and increase in size instead of dissolving. This may indicate blood trapped in the tissues, which may need to be drained. This condition is referred to as a hematoma. Less commonly, the body may develop calcium deposits at the injury site in a process called heterotopic ossification.

Prevention

Vitamin K promotes normal clotting in the blood and, therefore, may help reduce the tendency to bruise easily. Green leafy vegetables, alfalfa, broccoli, seaweed, and fish liver oils are good dietary sources of vitamin K. Other good foods to eat are those containing bioflavonoids, such as reddish-blue berries. These can assist in strengthening the connective tissue, which decreases the spread of blood and bruising. Zinc and vitamin C supplements are also recommended for this purpose.

Nutritional Concerns

A balanced diet that includes green leafy vegetables and broccoli should provide a sufficient source of vitamin K. Vitamin C and zinc supplements are also helpful.

Parental Concerns

Parents should provide a balanced diet for their children. They should also provide appropriate care for bruises that inevitably occur.

Resources

Books

Gordon, Sharon, and Nanci Varquis. Bruises. New York: Scholastic Library Publishing, 2002.

Royston, Angela. Bumps and Bruises. Orlando, FL: Heinemann Library, 2004.

——. Why Do Bruises Change Color?: And Other Questions about Blood. Orlando, FL: Heinemann Library, 2003.

Periodicals

Baruch, M. B., and R. Beck-Little R. "A 12-year-old boy with multiple bruises and a dislocated knee but no reported injury." Journal of Emergency Nursing 30, no. 3 (2004): 213–5.

Gates, D. "Burgers or bruises? Being assaulted shouldn't be part of a nurse's aide's job." American Journal of Nursing 104, no. 9 (2004): 13–4.

Sibert, J., et al. "Bruising, coagulation disorder, and physical child abuse." Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis 15, no. Supplement 1 (2004): S33–9.

Yamagami, T., et al. "Clinical features of snowboarding injuries." Journal of Orthopedic Science 9, no. 3 (2004): 225–9.

Organizations

American Academy of Emergency Medicine. 611 East Wells Street, Milwaukee, WI 53202. Web site: www.aaem.org/.

American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211–2672. Web site: www.aafp.org/.

American Academy of Pediatrics. 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007–1098. Web site: www.aap.org/.

American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. One IBM Plaza, Suite 2500, Chicago, IL 60611–3604. Web site: www.aapmr.org/.

American College of Emergency Physicians. PO Box 619911, Dallas, TX 75261–9911. Web site: www.acep.org/.

American College of Osteopathic Emergency Physicians. 142 E. Ontario Street, Suite 550, Chicago, IL 60611. Web site: www.acoep.org/.

American College of Sports Medicine. 401 W. Michigan St., Indianapolis, IN 46202–3233. Web site: www.acsm.org/.

Web Sites

"Bruises." MedlinePlus. Available online at www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bruises.html (accessed December 7, 2004).

"Bruises/Contusions." ForensicMD. Available online at www.forensicmed.co.uk/bruises.htm (accessed December 7, 2004).

"Bruises, Ouch!" University of Iowa Health Science Relations. Available online at www.vh.org/adult/patient/familymedicine/prose/bruises.html (accessed December 7, 2004).

[Article by: L. Fleming Fallon, Jr., MD, DrPH]

Bleeding in soft tissue resulting from a direct blow with a blunt object. A bruise is usually associated with swelling and oedema. A severe blow or an aggravated bruise can result in dramatic pooling of blood in the area of the bruise (see haematoma). A bruise changes colour, first to blue as the red pigment of haemoglobin loses its oxygen, and then to brown or yellow as the haemoglobin is broken down and reabsorbed. Prevention of effusion of blood from small bruises can be achieved by applying a firm pressure for 3-5 min, followed by a cold compress.

Tutor's tip: He "brews" (makes tea) good tea, even with the painful bruise (discolored injury) on his hand.

LearnThatWord.com is a free vocabulary and spelling program where you only pay for results!

Superficial discoloration due to hemorrhage into the tissues from ruptured blood vessels beneath the skin surface, without the skin itself being broken; called also contusion.

In medical terminology, a contusion; an injury made on the flesh by an instrument, without breaking the skin.

• Injuries and Accidents - bruise: skin discoloration caused by escape of blood under skin following injury; contusion
• Cooking Techniques - bruise: (vb) crush partially to release flavor

"Black and blue" redirects here. For other uses, see Black and Blue (disambiguation).

"Bruises" redirects here. For the 2008 rock song, see Bruises (song).

Bruise
Classification and external resources
Bruises from a ladder fall
ICD-10	S00-S90, T14.0
ICD-9	920-924
DiseasesDB	31998
MeSH	D003288

A bruise, also called a contusion, is a type of relatively minor hematoma of tissue^[1] in which capillaries and sometimes venules are damaged by trauma, allowing blood to seep into the surrounding interstitial tissues. Bruises can involve capillaries at the level of skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, or bone. A bruise may be named by the length of its diameter as an petechia (less than 3 mm), purpura (3 mm to 1 cm) or ecchymosis (1 to 3 cm), although these terms can also refer to internal bleeding not caused by trauma.

As a type of hematoma, a bruise is always caused by internal bleeding into the interstitial tissues, usually initiated by blunt trauma, which causes damage through physical compression and deceleration forces. Trauma sufficient to cause bruising can occur from a wide variety of situations including accidents, falls, and surgeries. Disease states such as insufficient or malfunctioning platelets, other coagulation deficiencies, or vascular disorders, such as venous blockage associated with severe allergies^[2] can lead to the formation of bruises in situations in which they would not normally occur and with only minimal trauma. If the trauma is sufficient to break the skin and allow blood to escape the interstitial tissues, the injury is not a bruise but instead a different variety of hemorrhage called bleeding, although such injuries may be accompanied by bruising elsewhere.^[3]

Bruises often induce pain, but small bruises are not normally dangerous alone. Sometimes bruises can be serious, leading to other more life-threatening forms of hematoma, such as when associated with serious injuries, including fractures and more severe internal bleeding. The likelihood and severity of bruising depends on many factors, including type and healthiness of affected tissues. Minor bruises may be easily recognized in people with light skin color by characteristic blue or purple appearance (idiomatically described as "black and blue") in the days following the injury.

Contents 1 Mechanism of bruise 2 Size and shape of bruises 2.1 General factors modifying size and shape of bruises 2.2 Severity of bruises 2.3 Light bruises 2.4 Moderate to severe bruises 3 Treatment 4 As a medical sign 5 As a treatment 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links

Mechanism of bruise

Increased distress to tissue causes capillaries to break under the skin, allowing blood to escape and build up. As time progresses, blood seeps into the surrounding tissues, causing the bruise to darken and spread. Nerve endings within the affected tissue detect the increased pressure, which, depending on severity and location, may be perceived as pain or pressure or be asymptomatic. The damaged capillary endothelium releases endothelin, a hormone that causes narrowing of the blood vessel to minimize bleeding. As the endothelium is destroyed, the underlying von Willebrand factor is exposed and initiates coagulation, which creates a temporary clot to plug the wound and eventually leads to restoration of normal tissue.

During this time, larger bruises may change color due to the breakdown of hemoglobin from within escaped red blood cells in the extracellular space. The striking colors of a bruise are caused by the phagocytosis and sequential degradation of hemoglobin to biliverdin to bilirubin to hemosiderin, with hemoglobin itself producing a red-blue color, biliverdin producing a green color, bilirubin producing a yellow color, and hemosiderin producing a golden-brown color.^[3] As these products are cleared from the area, the bruise disappears. Often the underlying tissue damage has been repaired long before this process is complete.

Size and shape of bruises

Bruise shapes may correspond directly to the instrument of injury or be modified by additional factors. Bruises often become more prominent as time lapses, resulting in additional size and swelling. Bruising present in a different location than the site of impact is called ectopic bruising and occurs when the tissue at the site of injury is loose, allowing blood to travel under the skin to another location due to gravity or other forces, such as in a black eye.

General factors modifying size and shape of bruises

Bruise caused by a handrail, typical of extreme sports

Severe bruises caused by car accident

• Condition and type of tissue: In soft tissues, a larger area is bruised than would be in firmer tissue due to ease of blood to invade tissue.
• Age: elderly skin and other tissues are often thinner and less elastic and thus more prone to bruising.
• Gender: More bruising occurs in females due to increased subcutaneous fat.
• Color of skin: Although the same size, bruises are more prominent in lighter complexions.
• Diseases: Coagulation, platelet and blood vessel diseases or deficiencies can increase bruising due to more bleeding.
• Location: More extensive vascularity causes more bleeding.
• Forces: Greater striking forces cause greater bruising.
• Genetics: Despite having completely normal coagulation factors, natural redheads have been shown to bruise more, although this may just be due to greater visibility on commonly associated lighter complexion.^[4]

Severity of bruises

Bruises can be scored on a scale from 0-5 to categorize the severity and danger of the injury.^{[citation needed]}

Bruise harm score

Harm score	Severity level	Notes
0	Light bruise	No damage
1	Less than Moderate bruise	Little damage
2	Moderate bruise	Some damage
3	Serious bruise	Dangerous
4	Extremely serious bruise	Dangerous
5	Critical bruise	Risk of death

The harm score is determined by the extent and severity of the fractures to the organs and tissues causing the bruising, in turn depending on multiple factors. For example, a contracted muscle will bruise more severely, as will tissues crushed against underlying bone. Capillaries vary in strength, stiffness and toughness, which can also vary by age and medical conditions.

An alternate bruise severity ranking system called the Chien Intensity Scale is slowly growing in popularity in some research circles. Although not widely used, the Chien Intensity Scale is used by institutes including the Ryan Mackey Memorial Research Institute and the Sydney Medical Center.

Light bruises

Low levels of damaging forces produce small bruises and generally cause the individual to feel minor pain straight away. Repeated impacts worsen bruises, increasing the harm level. Normally, light bruises heal nearly completely within two weeks, although duration is affected by variation in severity and individual healing processes;^[5] generally, more severe or deeper bruises take somewhat longer.

Moderate to severe bruises

Severe bruising (harm score 2-3) may be dangerous or cause serious complications. Further bleeding and excess fluid may accumulate causing a hard, fluctuating lump or swelling hematoma. This has the potential to cause compartment syndrome as the swelling cuts off blood flow to the tissues. The trauma that induced the bruise may also have caused other severe and potentially fatal harm to internal organs. For example, impacts to the head can cause traumatic brain injury: bleeding, bruising and massive swelling of the brain with the potential to cause concussion, coma and death. Treatment for brain bruising may involve emergency surgery to relieve the pressure on the brain.

Damage that causes bruising can also cause bones to be broken, tendons or muscles to be strained, ligaments to be sprained, or other tissue to be damaged. The symptoms and signs of these injuries may initially appear to be those of simple bruising. Abdominal bruising or severe injuries that cause difficulty in moving a limb or the feeling of liquid under the skin may indicate life-threatening injury and require the attention of a physician.

Treatment

Treatment for light bruises is minimal and may include RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation), painkillers (particularly NSAIDs) and, later in recovery, light stretching exercises. Particularly, immediate application of ice while elevating the area may reduce or completely prevent swelling by restricting blood flow to the area and preventing internal bleeding. Rest and preventing re-injury is essential for rapid recovery. Applying a medicated cream containing mucopolysaccharide polysulfuric acid (e.g., Hirudoid) may also speed the healing process.

Very gentle massage of the area and application of heat may encourage blood flow and relieve pain according to the gate control theory of pain, although causing additional pain may indicate the massage is exacerbating the injury.^[6] As for most injuries, these techniques should not be applied until at least three days following the initial damage to ensure all internal bleeding has stopped, because although increasing blood flow will allow more healing factors into the area and encourage drainage, if the injury is still bleeding this will allow more blood to seep out of the wound and cause the bruise to become worse.

As a medical sign

The presence of bruises may be seen in patients with platelet or coagulation disorders. Unexplained bruising may be a warning sign of child abuse, domestic abuse, or serious medical problems such as leukemia or meningoccocal infection. Unexplained bruising can also indicate internal bleeding or certain types of cancer. Long term glucocorticoid therapy can cause easy bruising. Bruising present around the navel (belly button) with severe abdominal pain suggests acute pancreatitis. Connective tissue disorders such as Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome may cause relatively easy or spontaneous bruising depending on the severity.

During an autopsy, bruises accompanying abrasions indicate the abrasions occurred while the individual was alive, as opposed to damage incurred after death.

As a treatment

Folk medicine, including ancient medicine of Egypt, Greek, Celts, Turks, Slavs, Mayans, Aztecs and Chinese, has used bruising as a method of treatment for some types of health problems. The methods vary widely and include cupping, scraping, and slapping. Fire cupping uses suction which causes bruising in patients. Scraping, (Gua Sha), uses a small hand device with a rounded edge to gently scrape the scalp or the skin. Slapping, (Pai-Da Therapy), is performed using two to five fingers or the whole hand mostly against joints such as shoulders, elbows, knees, wrists and ankles. For healthy people these procedures applied to a healthy part of the skin should cause redness which disappears in minutes or hours. For patients with pain, soreness or stiffness, the same procedure will typically cause bruising or blood blisters that lasts days. Each of these methods of treatment is repeated by the health practitioner or the patient himself over a number of days or weeks.

See also

• Blunt trauma
• Black eye
• Blister
• Burn
• Cerebral contusion—a bruise of the brain tissue
• Love-bite
• Myocardial contusion—a bruise of the heart muscle
• Pulmonary contusion—a bruise of the lung tissue
• Ship foot—a bruise underneath the toenail
• Subconjunctival hemorrhage

Notes

1. ^ "contusion" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
2. ^ Turley, Lois (2004-03-10). "Shiners-dark circles & swollen eyes". http://www.allergynursing.com/questions3/shiners.html. Retrieved 2009-10-08. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; & Mitchell, Richard N. (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. p. 86 ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1
4. ^ Liem, Edwin B.; Hollensead, Sandra C.; Joiner, Teresa V.; Sessler, Daniel I. (2006). "Women with Red Hair Report a Slightly Increased Rate of Bruising but Have Normal Coagulation Tests". Anesthesia & Analgesia 102 (1): 313–8. doi:10.1213/01.ANE.0000180769.51576.CD. . PMID 16368849. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1351323. 
5. ^ Voorhees, Benjamin W. (2007-08-31). "Medical Encyclopedia - Bruise healing". http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/presentations/100207_3.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-09. 
6. ^ "WebMD article on bruising". http://www.webmd.com/hw/skin_wounds/aa61479.asp. 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007)

External links

Look up bruise, contusion, or ecchymosis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• What is a bruise? for kids
• Bruises in sports
• NiceBruise.com - Where bruise sufferers go to show off their bruise

v t e General wounds and injuries (T08-T35, 870-949) General Wound/ trauma Blunt trauma/ superficial/closed Abrasion (Avulsion) Blister (Blood blister • Coma blister • Delayed blister • Edema blister • Fracture blister • Friction blister • Sucking blister) Bruise/Hematoma/Ecchymosis (Battle's sign, Raccoon eyes, Black eye, Subungual hematoma, Cullen's sign, Grey Turner's sign, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage) Animal bite: Insect bite · Spider bite Penetrating trauma/open Animal bite: Snakebite · Lizard bite Ballistic trauma Foreign body In alimentary tract (Bezoar) Other Burn/Corrosion/Chemical burn · Frostbite · Traumatic amputation By region Hand injury · Head injury · Chest trauma · Abdominal trauma M: INT, SF, LCT anat/phys/devp noco(i/b/d/q/u/r/p/m/k/v/f)/cong/tumr(n/e/d), sysi/epon proc, drug (D2/3/4/5/8/11)

v t e Pathology: hemodynamics Decreases Thrombus/thrombosis Renal vein thrombosis Ischemia Brain ischemia · Ischaemic heart disease · Ischemic colitis/Mesenteric ischemia Infarction general: Anemic infarct · Hemorrhagic infarct regional: Myocardial infarction · Cerebral infarction · Splenic infarction · Limb infarction Increases Hemorrhage general Bruise/Hematoma: Petechia · Purpura · Ecchymosis regional: head (Epistaxis, Hemoptysis, Intracranial hemorrhage, Hyphema, Subconjunctival hemorrhage) · torso (Hemothorax, Hemopericardium, Pulmonary hematoma) · abdomen (Gastrointestinal bleeding, Haemobilia, Hemoperitoneum, Hematocele, Hematosalpinx ) · joint (Hemarthrosis) Edema general: Anasarca · Angioedema/Lymphedema · Exudate/Transudate regional: Cerebral edema · Pulmonary edema · Hydrothorax · Ascites/hydroperitoneum · Hydrosalpinx Other Hyperemia

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Dansk (Danish)
n. - blåt mærke, slag, kvæstelse
v. tr. - kvæste, såre
v. intr. - blive stødt, få blåt mærke

Nederlands (Dutch)
blauwe plek, kneuzing, kneuzen, pletten

Français (French)
n. - ecchymose, bleu, contusion, meurtrissure, talure (fruit)
v. tr. - faire un bleu à, contusionner, faire un pinçon à (un doigt), abîmer/taler (un fruit), froisser (une laitue), écraser, piler
v. intr. - se taler (un fruit), s'abîmer

Deutsch (German)
n. - Prellung, blauer Fleck, Druckstelle
v. - prellen, quetschen

Ελληνική (Greek)
v. - μωλωπίζω, μελανιάζω, ζουλίζω, μαυρίζω (φρούτο)
n. - μώλωπας, μελανιά

Italiano (Italian)
acciaccare, ammaccare, contusione

Português (Portuguese)
v. - ferir, contundir
n. - contusão (f)

Русский (Russian)
поставить синяк, ушибить, синяк

Español (Spanish)
n. - contusión, cardenal, equimosis, hematoma, magulladura, morado
v. tr. - contusionar, magullar
v. intr. - causar magulladuras o contusiones

Svenska (Swedish)
v. - slå gul o blå, mörbulta
n. - blåmärke, bula

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
伤痕, 擦伤, 碰伤, 挫伤, 使受伤, 研碎, 受伤

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 傷痕, 擦傷, 碰傷, 挫傷
v. tr. - 使受傷, 研碎
v. intr. - 受傷, 擦傷

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 타박상, 멍
v. tr. - ~에게 타박상을 입히다, ~를 상하게 하다, ~을 부수다
v. intr. - 멍들다, 상하다

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 打撲傷, 傷, 痛み
v. - 打撲傷を与える, あざを付ける

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(فعل) رض, كدم, ازرق الجلد نتيجه ضربه (الاسم) كدمه, ازرقاق نتيجه ضربه‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮חבורה, חבלה, מכה, תפיחה‬
v. tr. - ‮פגע, חבל, היכה, היכה באגרוף‬
v. intr. - ‮התנפח, נפגע‬