bud

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An embryonic shoot containing the growing stem tip surrounded by young leaves or flowers or both, and the whole frequently enclosed by special protective leaves, the bud scales.

The bud at the apex of the stem is called a terminal bud (illus. a). Any bud that develops on the side of a stem is a lateral bud. The lateral bud borne in the axil (angle between base of leaf and stem) of a leaf is the axillary bud (illus. a and d). It develops concurrently with the leaf which subtends it, but usually such buds do not unfold and grow rapidly until the next season. Because of the inhibitory influence of the apical or other buds, many axillary buds never develop actively or may not do so for many years. These are known as latent or dormant buds. Above or beside the axillary buds, some plants regularly produce additional buds called accessory, or supernumerary, buds. Accessory buds which occur above the axillary bud are called superposed buds (illus. c), and those beside it collateral buds (illus. d). Under certain conditions, such as removal of terminal and axillary buds, other buds may arise at almost any point on the stem, or even on roots or leaves. Such buds are known as adventitious buds. See also Plant growth.

buckeye). (b) Pseudoterminal (elm). (c) Superposed (butternut). (d) Collateral (red maple).">
Bud positions. (a) Terminal and axillary (buckeye). (b) Pseudoterminal (elm). (c) Superposed (butternut). (d) Collateral (red maple).

Buds that give rise to flowers only are termed flower buds, or in some cases, fruit buds. If a bud grows into a leafy shoot, it is called a leaf bud, or more accurately, a branch bud. A bud which contains both young leaves and flowers is called a mixed bud.

Buds of herbaceous plants and of some woody plants are covered by rudimentary foliage leaves only. Such buds are called naked buds. In most woody plants, however, the buds are covered with modified protective leaves in the form of scales. These buds are called scaly buds or winter buds. In the different species of plants, the bud scales differ markedly. They may be covered with hairs or with water-repellent secretions of resin, gum, or wax. Ordinarily when a bud opens, the scales fall off, leaving characteristic markings on the stem (bud scale scars). See also Leaf.

noun

1. A source of further growth and development: embryo, germ, kernel, nucleus, seed, spark. See start/end.
2. A young person between birth and puberty: child, innocent, juvenile, moppet, tot, youngster. Informal kid. Scots bairn. See kin, youth/age/maturity.

noun

A person whom one knows well, likes, and trusts: amigo, brother, chum, confidant, confidante, familiar, friend, intimate, mate, pal. Informal buddy. Slang sidekick. See love/hatred.

Definition: sprout
Antonyms: die, shrink, waste, wither

1. To graft a plant by inserting a bud of one plant into the stock of another.
2. An element in a Corinthian capital.

A young and undeveloped leaf, flower, or shoot, usually covered tightly with scales.

LearnThatWord.com is a free vocabulary and spelling program where you only pay for results!

1. a small lateral or terminal protuberance on the stem of a plant that contains undeveloped foliage or floral leaves.
2. a budlike protuberance on the surface of a yeast cell or other simple organism.
3. to form a bud.
4. to reproduce asexually, as in yeasts, by the process of budding.

A structure resembling the bud of a plant, especially a protuberance in the embryo from which an organ or part develops.

• end b. — the remnant of the embryonic primitive knot, from which arises the tail and caudal part of the trunk.
• horn b. — bilateral cranial protuberances, destined to develop to a fighting horn or antler stage.
• limb b. — one of the four lateral swellings appearing in vertebrate embryos, which develop into the two pairs of limbs.
• tail b. — 1. the primordium of the caudal appendage.
— 2. end bud.
• taste b's — end organs of the gustatory nerve containing the receptor surfaces for the sense of taste.
• ureteric b. — an outgrowth of the mesonephric duct giving rise to all but the nephrons of the permanent kidney.
• b. of urethra — bulb of urethra.

• Botany and Plant Parts - bud: small swelling on plant from which shoot, leaf cluster, or flower develops
• Plants and Plant Parts - bud: small swelling on plant from which shoot, leaf cluster, or flower develops
• Friendly or Familiar Address
• Drug Names and Forms - bud: marijuana, esp. the resinous flower of the female plant

For other uses, see Bud (disambiguation).

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Buds in the leaf axils of Populus tremula (aspen)

Bud of Ficus carica

Flower buds have not yet bloomed into a full-size flower

In botany, a bud is an undeveloped or embryonic shoot and normally occurs in the axil of a leaf or at the tip of the stem. Once formed, a bud may remain for some time in a dormant condition, or it may form a shoot immediately. Buds may be specialized to develop flowers or short shoots, or may have the potential for general shoot development. The term bud is also used in zoology, where it refers to an outgrowth from the body which can develop into a new individual.

Contents 1 Overview 2 Types of buds 3 Within zoology 4 References

Overview

The buds of many woody plants, especially in temperate or cold climates, are protected by a covering of modified leaves called scales which tightly enclose the more delicate parts of the bud. Many bud scales are covered by a gummy substance which serves as added protection. When the bud develops, the scales may enlarge somewhat but usually just drop off, leaving on the surface of the growing stem a series of horizontally-elongated scars. By means of these scars one can determine the age of any young branch, since each year's growth ends in the formation of a bud, the formation of which produces an additional group of bud scale scars. Continued growth of the branch causes these scars to be obliterated after a few years so that the total age of older branches cannot be determined by this means.

On the left is an opening inflorescence bud, that will develop like the one to the right.

In many plants scales are not formed over the bud, which is then called a naked bud.^[1] The minute underdeveloped leaves in such buds are often excessively hairy. Naked buds are found in some shrubs, like some species of the Sumac and Viburnums (Viburnum alnifolium and V. lantana)^[2] and in herbaceous plants. In many of the latter, buds are even more reduced, often consisting of undifferentiated masses of cells in the axils of leaves. A terminal bud occurs on the end of a stem and lateral buds are found on the side. A head of cabbage (see Brassica) is an exceptionally large terminal bud, while Brussels sprouts are large lateral buds.

Since buds are formed in the axils of leaves, their distribution on the stem is the same as that of leaves. There are alternate, opposite, and whorled buds, as well as the terminal bud at the tip of the stem. In many plants buds appear in unexpected places: these are known as adventitious buds.^[3]

Often it is possible to find a bud in a remarkable series of gradations of bud scales. In the buckeye, for example, one may see a complete gradation from the small brown outer scale through larger scales which on unfolding become somewhat green to the inner scales of the bud, which are remarkably leaf-like. Such a series suggests that the scales of the bud are in truth leaves, modified to protect the more delicate parts of the plant during unfavorable periods.

Types of buds

Plant Buds classification

Buds are often useful in the identification of plants, especially for woody plants in winter when leaves have fallen.^[4] Buds may be classified and described according to different criteria: location, status, morphology, and function.

Botanists commonly use the following terms:

• for location:
  • terminal, when located at the tip of a stem (apical is equivalent but rather reserved for the one at the top of the plant);
  • axillary, when located in the axil of a leaf (lateral is the equivalent but some adventitious buds may be lateral too);
  • adventitious, when occurring elsewhere, for example on trunk or on roots (some adventitious buds may be former axillary ones reduced and hidden under the bark, other adventitious buds are completely new formed ones).

• for status:
  • accessory, for secondary buds formed besides a principal bud (axillary or terminal);
  • resting, for buds that form at the end of a growth season, which will lie dormant until onset of the next growth season;
  • dormant or latent, for buds whose growth has been delayed for a rather long time. The term is usable as a synonym of resting, but is rather employed for buds waiting undeveloped for years, for example epicormic buds;
  • pseudoterminal, for an axillary bud taking over the function of a terminal bud (characteristic of species whose growth is sympodial: terminal bud dies and is replaced by the closer axillary bud, for examples beech, persimmon, Platanus have sympodial growth).

• for morphology:
  • scaly or covered, when scales (which are in fact transformed and reduced leaves) cover and protect the embryonic parts;
  • naked, when not covered by scales;
  • hairy, when also protected by hairs (it may apply either to scaly or to naked buds).

• for function:
  • vegetative, if only containing vegetative pieces: embryonic shoot with leaves (a leaf bud is the same);
  • reproductive, if containing embryonic flower(s) (a flower bud is the same);
  • mixed, if containing both embryonic leaves and flowers.

Within zoology

The term bud (as in budding) is used by analogy within zoology as well, where it refers to an outgrowth from the body which develops into a new individual. It is a form of asexual reproduction limited to animals or plants of relatively simple structure. In this process a portion of the wall of the parent cell softens and pushes out. The protuberance thus formed enlarges rapidly while at this time the nucleus of the parent cell divides (see: mitosis, meiosis). One of the resulting nuclei passes into the bud, and then the bud is cut off from its parent cell and the process is repeated. Often the daughter cell will begin to bud before it becomes separated from the parent, so that whole colonies of adhering cells may be formed. Eventually cross walls cut off the bud from the original cell.

References

1. ^ Walters, Dirk R., and David J. Keil. 1996. Vascular plant taxonomy. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co. page 598.
2. ^ Cronquist, Arthur, and Henry A. Gleason. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. Bronx, New York: New York Botanical Garden Press. page 512.
3. ^ Coulter, John G. 1913. Plant life and plant uses; an elementary textbook, a foundation for the study of agriculture, domestic science or college botany. New York: American book company. page 188
4. ^ Ohio Trees, Bulletin 700-00, General

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

Dansk (Danish)
1.
n. - knop, skud
v. intr. - knoppes, skyde knopper
v. tr. - okulere

2.
n. - kammerat, makker

Nederlands (Dutch)
knop, kiem, onvolgroeid iets, vriend (aanspreekvorm), ontspruiten, oculeren, opbloeien, uitbreiden, kweken

Français (French)
1.
n. - bourgeon, écusson (greffe), bouton (de fleur), (Anat) papille
v. intr. - germer, bourgeonner, se couvrir de bourgeons, former des boutons, (commencer) à poindre ou percer (des cornes), (commencer) à percer (le talent)
v. tr. - germer, greffer (un arbre)

2.
n. - (US) copain, (mon) pote

Deutsch (German)
1.
n. - Knospe
v. - keimen, knospen, okulieren, äugeln

2.
n. - Bruder

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - μάτι (φυτού), μπουμπούκι, (ανατ.) (γευστικός) κάλυκας
v. - θάλλω, μπουμπουκιάζω, ανθίζω

Italiano (Italian)
germogliare, innestare ad occhio, boccio

idioms:

• nip in the bud    soffocare sul nascere

Português (Portuguese)
n. - botão (m) de flor
v. - florescer

idioms:

• nip in the bud    ir por água abaixo (gír.)

Русский (Russian)
распускаться, цвести, бутон, почка

idioms:

• nip in the bud    подавить в зародыше

Español (Spanish)
1.
n. - brote, yema, capullo, pimpollo
v. intr. - brotarse, florecerse
v. tr. - brotar, echar brotes, florecer, injertar

2.
n. - jovencita

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - knopp, öga (på en växt)
v. - knoppas, okulera

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
1. 芽, 花蕾, 叶芽, 萌芽, 未成熟的事物, 发芽, 抽芽, 啄食嫩芽, 开始生长, 使发芽, 接, 发芽生出

2. 小孩, 少女

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
1.
n. - 芽, 花蕾, 葉芽, 萌芽, 未成熟的事物
v. intr. - 發芽, 抽芽, 啄食嫩芽, 開始生長
v. tr. - 使發芽, 接, 發芽生出

2.
n. - 小孩, 少女

한국어 (Korean)
1.
n. - 싹, 아체, 미숙한 사람
v. intr. - 움트다, 발달의 초기 단계에 있다
v. tr. - ~을 싹을 트게 하다, 자라기 시작하다

2.
n. - 형제, 친구, 여보게

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 芽, つぼみ, 未成熟なもの, 子供
v. - 芽を出す, つぼみを付ける, 発芽する

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) صديق, برعم (فعل) بدأ في النمو, طعم ببراعم‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮ניצן, נבט‬
v. intr. - ‮הוציא ניצנים, הנץ‬
v. tr. - ‮הוציא ניצנים, הנץ‬
n. - ‮ברנש, צורת פנייה לחבר או למכר בצפון אמריקה‬

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