Techniques and industry involved in the assembly and erection of structures. Early humans built primarily for shelter, using simple methods. Building materials came from the land, and fabrication was dictated by the limits of the materials and the builder's hands. The erection sequence involved, as now, first placing a
foundation (or using the ground). The builder erected the structural system; the structural material (masonry, mud, or logs) served as both skeleton and enclosure. Traditional bearing-wall and
post-and-beam systems eventually gave way to
framed structures, and builders became adept at sealing and
fireproofing with a variety of claddings (exterior coverings) and finishes. Steel-framed buildings are usually enclosed by
curtain walls. In modern-day construction, sheathing the skeleton of the building is only the beginning; specialists then begin the bulk of the work inside, installing
plumbing, electrical wiring, HVAC (
heating,
ventilating, and
air-conditioning),
windows,
floor coverings, plasterwork,
moldings, ceramic
tile, cabinets, and other features.
See also architecture.
For more information on building construction, visit Britannica.com.