Dictionary:
bul·let (bʊl'ĭt)  |
[French boulette, diminutive of boule, ball, from Old French, from Latin bulla.]
| 5min Related Video: bullet |
| How Products are Made: How is a bullet made? |
Background
A bullet is a projectile, often a pointed metal cylinder, that is shot from a firearm. The bullet is usually part of an ammunition cartridge, the object that contains the bullet and that is inserted into the firearm. Cartridges are often called bullets, but this article will discuss only the projectiles fired from small or personal firearms (such as pistols, rifles, and shotguns).
History
Though there were cast lead bullets used with slings thousands of years ago, the history of the modern bullet starts with the history of firearms. Sometime after A.D. 1249, it was realized that gunpowder could be used to fire projectiles out of the open end of a tube. The earliest firearms were large cannons, but personal firearms appeared in the mid-fourteenth century. Early projectiles were stone or metal objects that could fit down the barrel of the firearm, though lead and lead alloys (mixtures of metals) were the preferred materials by 1550. As manufacturing techniques improved, firearms and lead bullets became more uniform in size and were produced in distinct calibers (the diameter of the bullet).
The Industrial Revolution produced further improvements. Firearms with rifled barrels (spiral grooves inside of the firearm barrel that impart stabilizing spinning motion to the bullet) led to the familiar conical bullet. More powerful smokeless powders replaced gunpowder (now called black powder) in the late nineteenth century, but they also required harsher firearm and bullet materials. Lead bullets left lead residue in the barrel; jacketed bullets (a harder metal layer surrounds the softer lead core) were developed to stop this. The familiar metal ammunition cartridge (containing a bullet, a case, a primer, and a volume of propellant) was common by World War I.
Raw Materials
Bullets are made of a variety of materials. Lead or a lead alloy (typically containing antimony) is the traditional bullet core material. Traditional bullet jackets are made of copper or gilding metal, an alloy of copper and zinc. There are many other materials that are used in bullets today, including aluminum, bismuth, bronze, copper, plastics, rubber, steel, tin, and tungsten.
Bullet lubricants include waxes (traditionally carnauba wax made from the carnauba palm), oils, and molybdenum disulfide (moly). Modern wax and oil formulas are generally not made public. Moly is a recent innovation; this naturally occurring mineral sticks to metal on contact. The bullet making process can also use grease and oils to lubricate the bullet during machining and pressing steps. This lubrication prevents damage to the bullet or the machinery by allowing the bullet and machinery to move against each other without sticking. Solvents are used to remove grease and oil from the bullet afterward.
Design
There are several different uses for ammunition, such as military, law enforcement, hunting, marksmanship/target shooting, and self-defense, each requiring different bullet performance. There are also legal and public relations design considerations, such as lethality, threats to innocent bystanders, environmental impact, and appearance.
Bullet design is dependent on firearm design and vice versa. The bullet must fit into the barrel correctly. A bullet that is too small will not engage the rifling in the barrel, or it will bounce around in the barrel and not exit in a straight line. A bullet that is too large will jam in the barrel, possibly causing the firearm to explode from the pressure. The bullet weight must also match the amount of powder in the cartridge, so that it is fired at the correct speed.
Bullets are designed using calculations and data gathered from previous testing (firing) of bullets. This data can include variables such as accuracy (whether it hit the target), precision (whether more than one of the same bullet type produced similar results), speed of the bullet, effectiveness at a given range (distance to the target), penetration into the target, and damage to the target. Bullets are then tested against a target which resembles what they will be used against. There are several materials used to simulate the intended target, including bullet gelatin, a recently developed material used to simulate flesh.
Modern bullets can have many different features. Some of these features concern the shape of the bullet and others the materials of construction. Most bullets look like a cylinder with a pointed end. The cylindrical section to the rear of the bullet is the shank and the pointed section to the front of the bullet is the tip, though the tip may be flat instead of pointed. Bullets can be made of one or more materials.
Bullets made out of only soft material (such as lead) expand on impact causing more damage to the target. Bullets made out of only a harder material (such as steel) penetrate further into thicker targets, but do not expand much. A softer core can be enclosed or partially enclosed in a layer of harder metal called a jacket. This jacket can completely enclose the bullet or it can leave the softer tip exposed for expansion purposes. Varying the amount of jacketing alters the amount of penetration versus expansion.
The shank can have a flat base or a tapered base (boat tail). The flat base is heavier and provides greater penetration, but the boat tail provides greater accuracy over distance. The base of the shank can also have a base plate of harder metal to prevent deformation of the bullet during firing. The base sometimes has a conical indentation (a gas check) that expands on firing to seal the base of the bullet against the firearm barrel and trap all of the energy from firing to propel the bullet forward. The shank may also have grooves used to contain lubricating grease that helps the bullet move freely in the firearm barrel. Sometimes a single groove, called a cannelure, is cut into the bullet to mark how far the bullet is to be inserted into the cartridge and to provide a feature to crimp the cartridge to the bullet.
The tip of the bullet is usually pointed. This point may be curved (called an ogive). Sharper tips provide greater penetration. Wadcutters are bullets with no point or a sharp shoulder behind the point used in target shooting to cut paper targets cleanly. Semiwadcutter bullets have a flat-tipped cone tip and can be used for target shooting, hunting, or self-defense. Target bullets are light and designed for speed and accuracy in a shooting range. They are usually not appropriate for other purposes.
Some tips are designed to expand on impact. This kind of bullet is banned from military use, but can be used for law enforcement, self-defense, and hunting. The tip or the entire bullet may be made of a soft material such as lead, but there are other design features that can aid bullet expansion. Hard material behind the softer tip provides more penetration and pushes the softer tip forward to expand more. The harder material can be the shank, a section of the tip, a partition of hard metal between the tip and the shank, or even a hard point on the tip that is driven backward on impact to expand the softer tip material.
Another feature that provides expansion is a hollow tip (or hollow point), an empty cone in the tip that points toward the rear of the bullet. When the bullet hits the target, the thin sides of the hollow tip expand outward. Even harder metals can expand, especially if they are scored (have grooves cut in them) to provide places to split apart.
Few bullets have separable parts. Some bullets have sabots, sleeves that surround the bullet while it is being fired but that fall off after leaving the firearm. Sabots allow smaller bullets to be fired from larger firearms at higher velocities than they would be fired from smaller firearms. Bullets can also contain multiple pellets or other particles that exit the bullet in a spray on impact or on leaving the target. This provides a higher chance of hitting something (from the many particles) or can cause many wounds in an easily damaged target.
Shotguns often fire shot (many small round pellets) or solid slugs (large, often soft bullets) out of an unrifled barrel, though some shotguns have rifled barrels. Air guns fire solid round or hourglass-shaped pellets.
Military bullets have special features, sometimes also used in law enforcement and self-defense. In order to get around the prohibition on expanding bullets, military bullets can be designed with heavier than normal back ends so that they tumble into the target on impact to create a larger wound. They can also be designed to break apart on impact with a similar effect. Some military bullets have incendiary (flammable) material in the base of the bullet that leaves a visible trail. This is known as a tracer bullet because it allows the shooter to track the bullet. Incendiary material can also be placed in the tip of the bullet so that it can start a fire on impact. Military bullets are usually made of harder materials or are fully jacketed. They are often designed for penetration. "Non-lethal" plastic or rubber bullets are sometimes used by the military and in law enforcement. These bullets are designed to temporarily incapacitate rioters and demonstrators, but they have the ability to kill.
Law enforcement and self-defense bullets should incapacitate the target. Many of these bullets are designed to expand or shatter after hitting the target, causing maximum damage. These bullets can be made of harder material that has greater penetration through materials such as heavy clothing and body armor. Police and self-defense bullets should not over penetrate (go through the target) and endanger bystanders.
Hunters have different requirements for different types of targets. Fast moving targets require faster, often lighter, bullets. Larger targets with heavy hides and large bones require bullets that can penetrate and inflict enough damage to drop the animal quickly. There are several different designs that address these conflicting demands. Many hunting bullets are designed to expand. Partitioned bullets and partially jacketed bullets are common for larger targets.
The Manufacturing
Process
There are many types of bullet manufacturers, ranging from large companies and governments to smaller custom ammunition manufacturers to individuals who load and reload ammunition with a few simple tools. There are also many different bullet designs and a lack of consensus about which is most effective. Because of this, there is no uniform method of ammunition manufacture. Large ammunition manufacturers, including the United States government, automate some of the manufacturing steps. At appropriate points during the manufacturing process, special features may be added.
The solid bullet or bullet core
The two most common bullet-forming methods are casting and swaging. Hollow points can be formed by either method. Hard (harder than lead) solid bullets can be stamped (a metal punch cuts a bullet-shaped piece out of a bar or sheet of softer metal) and machined from metal stock. Machining includes any process where a machine is used to shape metal by cutting away portions. A typical machine used for bullets is a lathe. A lathe rotates the bullet metal against steel chisels to gradually cut away material.
CASTING A BULLET
SWAGING A BULLET
The bullet jacket
Some bullets have jackets of harder metal surrounding a softer core.
Bullet assembly
Quality Control
Many firearm users want consistent performance from their ammunition. The larger ammunition manufacturers responded by instituting quality control programs in the 1980s and 1990s. These programs include statistical process control (SPC), total quality management (TQM), and random testing. SPC involves measuring a manufacturing process and determining statistically how to optimize it so that it produces correct and consistent results. TQM is the application of this kind of quality control to the whole business, not just the manufacturing part of the business.
Random testing involves periodically taking a manufactured part and testing it. Completed bullets are loaded into ammunition and fired to determine if they perform as expected. Unfinished bullets can be examined to determine if they are being produced correctly up to that point in the manufacturing process. Both finished and unfinished bullets can be weighed, measured for symmetry (bullets should be identical along every direction from an imaginary line drawn from the center of the tip to the center of the base), and cut apart to make sure that there are no air spaces and that internal features are correct (such as the thickness of a partition or a jacket). Commercial bullet sizes can vary by thousandths of an inch, but military and high quality bullets are more uniform.
Byproducts/Waste
Up to 24 toxic materials have been found in ammunition production. Solvents (often used to remove oil and grease) are dangerous to inhale and can be captured for disposal or purification and reuse, as can any oil. Scrap metal can be reused or disposed.
The most dangerous raw material is lead. Production workers and firearm users can be exposed to dangerous levels of lead from bullets, and firing ranges, including military ones, are being shut down because of high lead levels. Lead can also leach into groundwater, further contaminating the environment. High levels of lead can lead to government intervention in the clean-up process, needing years of work to reach acceptable levels.
The Future
Companies continue to improve bullet performance to attract buyers, but social and political considerations are becoming more important. Health, safety, and environmental issues are leading to the replacement of toxic materials such as lead with materials such as tungsten, steel, bismuth, and plastic. Newer materials do not have the same performance characteristics as older materials, and this leads to newer ammunition designs.
There has been a legal struggle for decades over the lethality of police and self-defense weapons. Public outcry in the United States has been greatest against so-called "cop-killer" bullets designed to penetrate body armor such as that used by police, and against expanding bullets such as the Black Talon, which has a tip that opens into six sharp "claws" on impact.
Other innovations may be more radical. For example, tanks can fire shells with fins that pop out for stabilization at velocities that are too high for barrel rifling. This innovation could be scaled down for personal firearms. Self-propelled, finned rockets can also be shot out of pistol-sized launchers, though this type of projectile may no longer be called a bullet.
Where to Learn More
Books
Barnes, Frank C. Cartridges of the World. 9th ed. Ed. M. L. McPherson. lola, WI: Krause Publications, 2000.
Grennell, Dean A. The ABC s of Reloading. 5th ed. Northbrook, IL: DBI Books, Inc., 1993.
Periodicals
"Brass Hats Led To Tungsten." The Economist 352, no. 8130 (31 July 1999): 68.
Petzal, David E. "Rifles: 2000 and After." Field & Stream 103, no. 5 (September 1998): 87.
Stolinksky, David C. "Stopping Power: Myth or Science?"Handguns 14, no. 4 (April 2000): 38.
Zutz, Don. "The Story Behind Winchester's Supreme Effort." Shooting Industry 34, no. 12 (December 1989): 90.
Other
Gunnery Network Web Page. December 2001. <http://www.gunnery.net>.
Hasenauer, Heike. "Bushels of Bullets." Soldiers Magazine Online. November 1998. December 2001. <http://www.dtic.mil/soldiers/nov1998/features/ioc3.html>.
[Article by: Andrew Dawson]
| Marketing Dictionary: bullet |
In print production, a heavy mark, sometimes in the shape of a bullet (but more often a boldface dot), that is used to indicate an item of special interest or some special features on a page of copy.
| Business Dictionary: Bullet |
A small graphical element used to set off items in an unnumbered list. Although the name derives from the ó character, many other shapes may be used as bullets.
| Military History Companion: bullet |
The word ‘bullet’ can be applied to any projectile fired from a firearm. The earliest bullets were made of any hard material. Early in the history of firearms lead was found to be the ideal substance for bullets and remained so until the late 19th century. Lead was readily available, cheap, with a low melting point for easy moulding and of a high density for maximum effect. In some countries, Mexico for example, a lack of domestic lead supply led to the use of copper for much the same reasons.
Until the end of the 18th century, bullets were spherical and available in differing sizes for differing calibres of weapon. They were notoriously inaccurate, chiefly as a result of ‘windage’, or the loose fit they had in the barrels of smooth-bore military weapons. This loose fit was necessitated by the accretion of burnt gunpowder in the barrel after firing several rounds but was tolerated in order that a rapid rate of, albeit inaccurate, fire might be maintained. Riflemen used tightly fitting balls, forced into their rifled barrels with grease or lubricated patches of cloth, and gained resultant accuracy while sacrificing speed of loading. Various methods were investigated in the early 19th century to make musket balls fit tighter and thus be more accurate; most involved hammering the ball down the barrel, and against a projection at the breech end, in order to expand it to fit the barrel. All attempts were defeated by the burnt powder problem, together with the resultant lead residue left, and the development of conical bullets during the same period made little difference.
After many French experiments with conical bullets which expanded when hammered against pillars fixed in the breech, the solution was found in the cylindro-conoidal rifle bullet patented by Capt Claud-Etienne Minié in 1849. The bullet named after him had an iron cup in its base which forced the lead skirts into the rifling of a barrel; it had grooves around its base to accept grease for lubricated loading. Having solved the windage problem, the next goal was the attainment of increased accuracy. This was achieved following lengthy competition between Joseph Whitworth and William Metford, whose experiments in both bullet design and rifling occupied much of the 1860s. Metford's winning bullet, three times as long as it was in diameter, bridged the period between the old short, fat bullet and that which would—when fixed in a cartridge—take ammunition into the 20th century.
Lead bullets left extensive lead fouling in barrels when fired with high-velocity smokeless propellants and experiments with the jacketing of bullets occupied the 1890s. While most bullets have been jacketed with copper-zinc alloy, a variety of other hard metals, including tungsten, have been used. Modern warfare has necessitated differing types of bullet, for anti-armour, for tracing the fall of shot and for setting fire to combustible targets. Rubber and plastic bullets are used for riot control by security services and police worldwide.
Bibliography
— Stephen Wood
| Veterinary Dictionary: bullet |
1. projectile for a humane killer that uses a conventional or free bullet.
2. a metallic, bullet-shaped mass given orally so as to lodge in the reticulum and discharge its critical component over a long period. Bullets containing cobalt selenium or magnesium are in use. Called also reticular retention bullets.
| Dream Symbol: Bullet |
Can be a symbol of violence, or of an attack. In traditional psychoanalysis, a bullet can be a sexual symbol (penis; impregnation). We also sometimes talk about "biting the bullet" and "sweating bullets."
| Wikipedia: Bullet |
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009) |
A bullet is a projectile propelled by a firearm, sling, or air gun. A bullet does not contain explosives, but damages the intended target by its impact or penetration. The word "bullet" is sometimes used to refer to ammunition generally, or to a cartridge, which is the combination of bullet, casing, powder, and primer.
Contents |
The history of bullets far predates the history of firearms. Originally, bullets were metallic or stone balls used in a sling as a weapon and for hunting.
Eventually as firearms were developed these same items were placed in front of an explosive charge of gun powder at the end of a closed tube. As firearms became more technologically advanced, from 1500 to 1800, bullets changed very little. They remained simple round (spherical) lead balls, called rounds, differing only in their diameter
The development of the hand culverin and matchlock arquebus brought about the use of cast lead balls as projectiles. "Bullet" is derived from the French word boulette which roughly means little ball. The original musket bullet was a spherical lead ball smaller than the bore, wrapped in a loosely-fitted paper patch which served to hold the bullet in the barrel firmly upon the powder. (Bullets that were not firmly upon the powder upon firing risked causing the barrel to explode, with the condition known as a short start.) The loading of muskets was, therefore, easy with the old smooth-bore Brown Bess and similar military muskets. The original muzzle-loading rifle, on the other hand, with a more closely fitting ball to take the rifling grooves, was more difficult to load, particularly when the bore of the barrel was fouled from previous firings. For this reason, early rifles were not generally used for military purposes.
The first half of the nineteenth century saw a distinct change in the shape and function of the bullet. In 1826, Delirque, a French infantry officer, invented a breech with abrupt shoulders on which a spherical bullet was rammed down until it caught the rifling grooves. Delirque's method, however, deformed the bullet and was inaccurate.
Among the first pointed or "conical" bullets were those designed by Captain John Norton of the British Army in 1823. Norton's bullet had a hollow base which upon firing expanded under pressure to engage with a barrel's rifling. The British Board of Ordnance rejected it because spherical bullets had been in use for the last 300 years.[citation needed]
Renowned English gunsmith William Greener invented the Greener bullet in 1836. It was very similar to Norton's bullet except that the hollow base of the bullet was fitted with a wooden plug which more reliably forced the base of the bullet to expand and catch the rifling. Tests proved that Greener's bullet was extremely effective but it too was rejected for military use because, being two parts, it was judged as being too complicated to produce.
The soft lead Minié ball was first introduced in 1847 by Claude Étienne Minié (1814? – 1879), a captain in the French Army. It was nearly identical to the Greener bullet. As designed by Minié, the bullet was conical in shape with a hollow cavity in the rear, which was fitted with a little iron cap instead of a wooden plug. When fired, the iron cap would force itself into the hollow cavity at the rear of the bullet, thereby expanding the sides of the bullet to grip and engage the rifling. In 1855, the British adopted the Minié ball for their Enfield rifles.
The Minié ball first saw widespread use in the American Civil War. Roughly 90% of the battlefield casualties in this war were caused by Minié balls fired from rifles.
Between 1854 and 1857, Sir Joseph Whitworth conducted a long series of rifle experiments, and proved, among other points, the advantages of a smaller bore and, in particular, of an elongated bullet. The Whitworth bullet was made to fit the grooves of the rifle mechanically. The Whitworth rifle was never adopted by the government, although it was used extensively for match purposes and target practice between 1857 and 1866, when it was gradually superseded by Metford's.
About 1862 and later, W. E. Metford carried out an exhaustive series of experiments on bullets and rifling, and invented the important system of light rifling with increasing spiral, and a hardened bullet. The combined result was that in December 1888 the Lee-Metford small-bore (0.303", 7.70 mm) rifle, Mark I, (photo of cartridge on right) was finally adopted for the British army. The Lee-Metford was the predecessor of the Lee-Enfield.
The next important change in the history of the rifle bullet occurred in 1883, when Major Rubin, director of the Swiss Laboratory at Thun, invented the copper jacketed bullet—an elongated bullet with a lead core in a copper coating.
The surface of lead bullets fired at high velocity may melt due to hot gases behind and friction with the bore. Because copper has a higher melting point, and greater specific heat capacity and hardness, copper jacketed bullets allow greater muzzle velocities.
European advances in aerodynamics led to the pointed spitzer bullet. By the beginning of the twentieth century, most world armies had begun to transition to spitzer bullets. These bullets flew for greater distances more accurately and carried more energy with them. Spitzer bullets combined with machine guns greatly increased the lethality of the battlefield.
The final advancement in bullet shape was the boat tail, a streamlined base for spitzer bullets. The vacuum created as air moves at high speed passes over the end of a bullet slows the projectile. The streamlined boat tail design reduces this form drag by allowing the air to flow along the surface of the tapering end. The resulting aerodynamic advantage is currently seen as the optimum shape for rifle technology. The spitzer boat-tailed bullet (Balle "D") was first introduced as standard ammunition in a military rifle in 1901, for the French Lebel Mle 1886 service weapon.
Bullet designs have to solve two primary problems. They must first form a seal with the gun's bore. The worse the seal, the more gas from the propellant charge leaks past the bullet—reducing efficiency. The bullet must also engage the rifling without damaging the gun's bore. Bullets must have a surface which will form this seal without causing excessive friction. What happens to a bullet inside the bore is termed internal ballistics. A bullet must also be consistent with the next bullet so that shots may be fired precisely.
Once it leaves the barrel, it is governed by external ballistics. Here, the bullet's shape is important for aerodynamics, as is the rotation imparted by the rifling. Rotational forces stabilize the bullet gyroscopically as well as aerodynamically. Any asymmetry in the bullet is largely canceled as it spins. With smooth-bore firearms, a spherical shape was optimum because no matter how it was oriented, it presented a uniform front. These unstable bullets tumbled erratically, but the aerodynamic shape changed little giving moderate accuracy. Generally, bullet shapes are a compromise between aerodynamics, interior ballistics necessities, and terminal ballistics requirements. Another method of stabilization is for the center of mass of the bullet to be as far forward as practical as in the Minié ball or the shuttlecock. This allows the bullet to fly front-forward by means of aerodynamics.
See Terminal ballistics and/or Stopping power for an overview of how bullet design affects what happens when a bullet hits something, and how this is affected by its design. What happens to the bullet is dictated as much by what it hits and how it hits, as by the bullet itself (just like how its interaction with air was critical in external ballistics). Bullets are generally designed to penetrate, deform, and/or break apart. For a given material and bullet, which of these happens is determined especially by the strike velocity.
Actual bullet shapes are many and varied, and an array of them can be found in any reloading manual that sells bullet moulds. RCBS, one of many makers, offers many different designs, starting with the basic round ball. With a mould, bullets can be made at home for reloading one's own ammunition, where local laws allow. Hand-casting, however, is only time- and cost-effective for solid lead bullets. Cast and jacketed bullets are also commercially available from numerous manufacturers for hand loading and are much more convenient than casting bullets from bulk lead.
Bullets for black powder, or muzzle loading firearms, were classically molded from pure lead. This worked well for low speed bullets, fired at velocities of less than 300 m/s (1000 ft/s). For slightly higher speed bullets fired in modern firearms, a harder alloy of lead and tin or typesetter's lead (used to mold Linotype) works very well. For even higher speed bullet use, jacketed coated lead bullets are used. The common element in all of these, lead, is widely used because it is very dense, thereby providing a high amount of mass—and thus, kinetic energy—for a given volume. Lead is also cheap, easy to obtain, easy to work, and melts at a low temperature, making it easy to use in fabricating bullets.
The Hague Convention prohibits certain kinds of ammunition for use by uniformed military personnel against the uniformed military personnel of opposing forces. These include projectiles which explode within an individual, poisoned and expanding bullets. Nothing in these treaties prohibits incendiary bullets (tracers) or the use of prohibited bullets on military equipment.
These treaties apply even to .22 LR bullets used in pistols, rifles and machine guns. Hence, the High Standard HDM pistol, a .22 LR suppressed pistol, had special bullets developed for it during World War II that were full metal jacketed, in place of the hollow-point bullets that are otherwise ubiquitous for .22 LR rounds.
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The word for the bullet, usually because of its speed, is sometimes used figuratively, e.g.:
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
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| Translations: Bullet |
Dansk (Danish)
n. - kugle, projektil
Nederlands (Dutch)
kogel, patroon
Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - σφαίρα, βόλι, τυπογραφική βούλα
idioms:
Português (Portuguese)
n. - projétil (m)
idioms:
idioms:
Svenska (Swedish)
n. - kula (till gevär el pistol)
中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
子弹
中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 子彈
한국어 (Korean)
n. - 탄환, 해고, 작은 공
日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 銃弾, 弾丸, 小球
العربيه (Arabic)
(الاسم) رصاصه
עברית (Hebrew)
n. - קליע, כדור
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 | Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Read more |
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| How Products are Made. How Products are Made. Copyright © 2002 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved. Read more |
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| Marketing Dictionary. Dictionary of Marketing Terms. Copyright © 2000 by Barron's Educational Series, Inc. All rights reserved. Read more |
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| Business Dictionary. Dictionary of Business Terms. Copyright © 2000 by Barron's Educational Series, Inc. All rights reserved. Read more |
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| Military History Companion. The Oxford Companion to Military History. Copyright © 2001, 2004 by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. Read more |
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| Veterinary Dictionary. Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary 3rd Edition. Copyright © 2007 by D.C. Blood, V.P. Studdert and C.C. Gay, Elsevier. All rights reserved. Read more |
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| Dream Symbol. The Dreams Encyclopedia. 1995 ©Visible Ink Press. All rights reserved. Read more |
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| Wikipedia. This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Bullet". Read more |
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