butane

n-Butane
Identifiers
CAS number	106-97-8 Y
PubChem	7843
UN number	1011 As Liquefied petroleum gas: 1075
SMILES	CCCC
InChI	1/C4H10/c1-3-4-2/h3-4H2,1-2H3
InChI key	IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYAE
ChemSpider ID	7555
Properties
Molecular formula	C4H10
Molar mass	58.12 g mol−1
Appearance	Colorless gas
Density	2.48 kg/m3, gas (15 °C, 1 atm) 600 kg/m3, liquid (0 °C, 1 atm)
Melting point	−138.4 °C (135.4 K)
Boiling point	−0.5 °C (272.6 K)
Solubility in water	6.1 mg/100 ml (20 °C)
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
EU classification	Highly flammable (F+)
NFPA 704	4 1 0
Flash point	−60 °C
Autoignition temperature	500 °C
Related compounds
Related alkanes	Propane; Pentane
Related compounds	Isobutane; Cyclobutane
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	n, εr, etc.
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Y (what is this?)  (verify) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Butane is a hydrocarbon with formula C₄H₁₀, that is, an alkane with four carbon atoms. The term may refer to any of two structural isomers, or to a mixture of them:

Common name	normal butane unbranched butane n-butane	isobutane i-butane
IUPAC name	butane	methylpropane
Molecular diagram
Skeletal diagram

In the IUPAC nomenclature, however, butane refers only to the unbranched n-butane isomer; the other one being called "methylpropane".

Butanes are highly flammable, colorless, odorless, easily liquefied gases. The name butane comes from the roots but- (from butyric acid) and -ane.

Rotation about the central C-C bond produces two different conformations (trans and gauche) for n-butane.^[1]

Reactions and uses

When oxygen is plentiful, butanes burn to form carbon dioxide and water vapor; when oxygen is limited, carbon (soot) or carbon monoxide may also be formed.

2 C₄H₁₀ + 13 O₂ → 8 CO₂ + 10 H₂O

n-Butane is the feedstock for DuPont's catalytic process for the preparation of maleic anhydride:

2 CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃ + 7 O₂ → 2 C₂H₂(CO)₂O + 8 H₂O

n-Butane, like all hydrocarbons, undergoes free radical chlorination providing both 1-chloro- and 2-chlorobutanes, as well as more highly chlorinated derivatives. The relative rates of the chlorination is partially explained by the differing bond dissociation energies, 425 and 411 kJ/mol for the two types of C-H bonds. The two central carbon atoms have the slightly weaker C-H bonds.

Spectrum of the blue flame from a butane torch showing molecular radical band emission and Swan bands.

Butane gas is sold bottled as a fuel for cooking and camping. When blended with propane and other hydrocarbons, it is referred to commercially as LPG. It is also used as a petrol component, as a feedstock for the production of base petrochemicals in steam cracking, as fuel for cigarette lighters and as a propellant in aerosol sprays such as deodorants.

Very pure forms of butane, especially isobutane, can be used as refrigerants and have largely replaced the ozone layer-depleting halomethanes, for instance in household refrigerators and freezers. The system operating pressure for butane is lower than for the halomethanes, such as R-12, so R-12 systems such as in automotive air conditioning systems, when converted to butane will not function optimally.

Effects and health issues

Inhalation of butane can cause euphoria, drowsiness, narcosis, asphyxia, cardiac arrhythmia, and frostbite which can result in death from asphyxiation and ventricular fibrillation. Butane is the most commonly misused volatile substance in the UK, and was the cause of 52% of "solvent related" deaths in 2000.^[2] By spraying butane directly into the throat, the jet of fluid can cool rapidly to –20 °C by expansion, causing prolonged laryngospasm.^[3] "Sudden sniffer's death" syndrome, first described by Bass in 1970,^[4] is the most common single cause of "solvent related" death, resulting in 55% of known fatal cases.^[3]

The paper "Emission of nitrogen dioxide from butane gas heaters and stoves indoors", from the American Journal of Applied Sciences, indicates that nitrogen dioxide, a toxic gas, results from buring Butane gas, and represents a human health hazard from home heaters and stoves.

Butane gas cylinder used for cooking.

Butane being sprayed from an aerosol spray can.

See also

• Volatile substance abuse
• Camping Gaz
• Calor gas
• BP Gas light

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Butane

• International Chemical Safety Card 0232
• NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
• European Chemicals Bureau
• n-Butane Molecule of the Month
• Computational Chemistry Wiki
• World LP Gas Association (WLPGA)
• UKLPG Propane and Butane in the UK
• Global BioSciences In-Situ Bioremediation utilizing Butane
• Butane Viscosity as function of temperature and pressure