
[Middle English, from Old English buttuc, strip of land, end.]
Also called the nates, ass, clunes, breech;they are formed by the gluteal muscles which cover the back of each pelvic bone and span the hip joint to be attached to the thigh bone. These huge muscles are mostly concerned with moving and stabilizing the hip joint. The largest is the gluteus maximus (‘biggest in the buttock’), which is important in locomotion. (See musculo-skeletal system.)
The history of the buttocks has been written either as the history of the physical buttocks or as the history of their symbolic function within cultural systems. Thus Charles Darwin's The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (building upon the work of earlier anatomists such as Georges Cuvier) assumes the relationship between the ‘natural’ form of the buttocks and the meaning associated with the human female pelvis. The pelvis was seen as the most prominent secondary sexual characteristic and the buttocks were read as the pelvis' visible sign. The buttocks became the visual sign of the reproductive system. The breasts came to be understood as a sign of the anomalous nature of the human body, as other mammals do not have prominent mammae: only human females do. The breasts came to be perceived as a form which mimicked the buttocks, the ‘real sign’ of the sexual. The debates about the meaning of the mammae and their defining force in determining the very nature of the ‘mammal’ has been well documented by Londa Schiebinger in her Nature's Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science (1993).
Buttocks in racism
Beginning with the expansion of European colonial exploration, the form and size of the buttocks became a mode of describing and classifying the races. Thus Darwin's view is a further elaboration on the adaptivity of human form for reproductive purposes. The buttocks become associated with the reproductive organs of the female through the analogy with the form of the pelvis. This is a continuation of the cultural presupposition that ‘primitive’ races have ‘primitive’ sexuality, which is represented in their bodies by physical signs of their ‘true’ nature. Thus Khoikhoi (called the Hottentots by the first Dutch explorers) and San (named Bushman by early Anglophone explorers) women of southwestern Africa were represented from the sixteenth century by their exaggerated buttocks (steatopygia) and labia (Hottentot apron). While these images claimed a greater size for the buttocks, they also claimed that these women (once anatomized) had a smaller pelvic size. The steatopygia was seen as a pronounced, localized accumulation of fat or fatty-fibrous tissue on the upper part of the buttocks. It was understood as rarely manifested prior to puberty, and as an accumulation which enlarged gradually and was a normal physical characteristic in women who otherwise may not be obese. As greater pelvic size was understood, in analogy to increased cranial capacity, as a sign of ‘progress’, the small pelvic size of the ‘primitive’ was understood as proof of their actual place on the great chain of being. The exaggerated buttocks were understood as an attempt to ‘mimic’ the higher stages of evolutionary development. Similar representations can be found in the images of the native peoples of South America in early illustrated accounts of European exploration. Here too the breasts and the buttocks are seen as natural signs of the barbarism of the native. After their initial representation as the idealized ‘Roman’ types, these native inhabitants come to be seen as in need of domestication and conversion. Thus their body forms including their buttocks, come to be represented as grotesque.
Buttocks, gender and gait
In drawing the history of the physicality of the buttocks, works such as Havelock Ellis' multi-volume Studies in the Psychology of Sex lay stress, following Darwin, on the history of the buttocks as a secondary sexual characteristic which is highly fetishized in European culture. Again Ellis associated the practice of whipping with the overemphasis on the buttocks in British culture. Ellis related this symbolic reading of the buttocks to the primary sexual characteristics (the genitalia) and other secondary sexual characteristics (such as the female breasts). In his case study of ‘Florrie’ (Volume 7: Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies) he showed how ‘Florrie’ comes to displace the meaning of the buttocks on to other body sites.
Ellis also stressed the function of gait as a manner of measuring the erotic nature of the buttocks. Quoting Virgil, he observed (Volume 4: Sexual Selection in Man) that ‘the goddess is revealed by her walk.’ As Cesare Lombroso and a number of other forensic scientists of the nineteenth century had argued for the relationship between gait and character, the notion that the buttocks could be defined by the appearance and attraction of the carriage is understandable. Thus non-Western women are represented as having a greater ‘vibratory movement of the buttocks in their women’. The primitive gait was a further sign of the less civilized (and therefore less self-conscious) sexuality of the ‘primitive’.
Buttocks and the Freudian model
Ellis' work on the meaning and the history of the buttocks was paralleled in Austria by Sigmund Freud's discussion of the meaning of the ‘anal phase’. First working it out in detail in his Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), Freud understood the anal phase as the second of three stages of bodily fixation — beginning with the mouth, then moving on to the anus, and then the genitals. ‘Normal’ development proceeded along this path, but the development could be fixated at the earlier stages. Freud saw anal fixation as the origins of male homosexuality. Again, it is not the anus per se which comes to function as the symbolic reference in Freud's system, but rather the buttocks. Here it is not the proximity of the buttocks to the genitalia which is of interest, but rather their adjacent position to the anus. Freud's fascination with the buttocks can be seen in his note to the publication of the anthropologist John Gregory Bourke's Scatalogic rites of all nations. A dissertation upon the employment of excrementitious remedial agents in religion, therapeutics, divination, witchcraft, love-philters, etc., in all parts of the globe (1934).
For Freud, too, the question of the symbolic meaning of the buttocks was read in the erotic attraction of the gait. It is in his reading of Wilhelm Jensen's short story Gradiva (1903). Introduced to the text by C. G. Jung in the summer of 1906, Freud published his interpretation in 1907, shortly after his work on the stages of human development. It is the first complete study of a work of literature from Freud's pen. In this text the hero recognizes the heroine subliminally by her gait. The classical image, the ‘Gradiva’, was, according to Freud, a
sculpture [which] represented a fully-grown girl stepping along, with her flowing dress a little pulled up so as to reveal her sandaled feet. One foot rested squarely on the ground; the other, lifted from the ground in the act of following after, touched it only with the tips of the toes, while the sole and heel rose almost perpendicularly. It was probably the unusual and peculiarly charming gait thus presented that attracted the sculptor's notice and that still, after so many centuries, riveted the eyes of its archaeological admirer.
— Sander L. Gilman
Bibliography
The two prominences at the lower posterior part of the trunk formed mainly by the flesh-covered gluteal muscles and fat.
Either of the two fleshy prominences formed by the gluteal muscles on either side of the tail. Called also nates.

| Buttocks | |
|---|---|
| Male human buttocks | |
| Female human buttocks | |
| Artery | superior gluteal artery, inferior gluteal artery |
| Nerve | superior gluteal nerve, inferior gluteal nerve, superior cluneal nerves, medial cluneal nerves, inferior cluneal nerves |
| MeSH | Buttocks |
The buttocks (singular: buttock) are two rounded portions of the anatomy, located on the posterior of the pelvic region of apes and humans, and many other bipeds or quadrupeds, and comprise a layer of fat superimposed on the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius muscles. Physiologically, the buttocks enable weight to be taken off the feet while sitting. In many cultures they play a role in sexual attraction.[1] Many cultures have also used them as a safe target for corporal punishment.[2] There are several connotations of buttocks in art, fashion, culture and humor, and the English language is replete with many popular synonyms.
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The buttocks are formed by the masses of the gluteal muscles or 'glutes' (the gluteus maximus muscle and the gluteus medius muscle) superimposed by a layer of fat. The superior aspect of the buttock ends at the iliac crest, and the lower aspect is outlined by the horizontal gluteal crease. The gluteus maximus has two insertion points: 1/3 superior portion of the linea aspera of the femur, and the superior portion of the iliotibial tractus. The masses of the gluteus maximus muscle are separated by an intermediate intergluteal cleft or "crack" in which the anus is situated.
The buttocks allow primates to sit upright without needing to rest their weight on their feet as four-legged animals do. Females of certain species of baboon have red buttocks that blush to attract males. In the case of humans, females tend to have proportionally wider and thicker buttocks due to higher subcutaneous fat and proportionally wider hips.
Some baboons and all gibbons, though otherwise fur-covered, have characteristic naked callosities on their buttocks. While human children generally have smooth buttocks, mature males and females have varying degrees of hair growth, as on other parts of their body. Females may have hair growth in the gluteal cleft (including around the anus), sometimes extending laterally onto the lower aspect of the cheeks. Males may have hair growth over some or all of the buttocks.
The English word of Greek origin "callipygian" indicates someone who has beautiful buttocks. However, the qualities that make buttocks beautiful or well-formed are not fixed, as sexual aesthetics of the buttocks vary considerably from culture to culture, from one period of fashion to another and even from person to person.
Depending on the context, exposure of the buttocks in non-intimate situations can cause feelings of embarrassment or humiliation, and embarrassment or amusement in an onlooker (see pantsing). Expressions such as being caught with one's pants/ trousers down or more explicitly in Dutch, "met de billen bloot" ("with bared buttocks"), use the image as a metaphor for non-physical embarrassment as well.[citation needed]
Willfully exposing one's own bare buttocks as a protest, a provocation, or just for fun is called mooning.
In many punitive traditions, the buttocks are a common target for corporal punishment, which can be meted out with no risk of long-term physical harm compared with the dangers of applying it to other parts of the body, such as the hands, which could easily be damaged.[3] The buttocks have often been described as "the place provided by nature" for this purpose.[2]
In Western and some other cultures, many comedians, writers and others rely on the buttocks as a source of amusement, camaraderie and fun, despite (or in some cases for the sake of) the risk of being in dubious taste, if not censored.[citation needed]
In the majority of modern cultures, the buttocks are rarely shown naked and are generally considered unsuitable for ornamental body markings and body modification. However, they may be preferential for discreet markings, such as secretive membership proof or to be shown in intimate company (e.g. amongst lovers).
In American English, phrases use the buttocks or synonyms (especially "butt" and "ass") as a synecdoche or pars pro toto for a whole person, often with a negative connotation. For example, terminating an employee may be described as "firing his ass". One might say "move your ass" or "haul ass" as an exhortation to greater haste or urgency. Expressed as a function of punishment, defeat or assault becomes "kicking one's ass". Such phrases also may suggest a person's characteristics, e.g. difficult people are termed "hard asses". People deemed excessively puritanical or proper may be termed "tight asses" (in Australia and New Zealand, "tight arse" refers to someone who is excessively miserly). An annoying person or any source of frustration may be termed "a pain in the ass" (a synonym for "a pain in the neck"). An incompetent or ignorant person is sometimes called a "dumbass", and an annoying person a "jackass".
Certain physical dispositions of the buttocks — particularly size — are sometimes identified, controversially, as a racial characteristic (see race). The most famous intersection of racism and buttocks may be the case of Saartjie Baartman, the so-called Hottentot Venus.
The anatomical Latin name for the buttocks is nates (
/ˈneɪtiːz/ NAY-teez),[4] which is plural; the singular, natis (buttock), is rarely used. There are many colloquial terms to refer to them, including:
Because many cultures have a nudity taboo, which usually applies specifically to the buttocks (as usually to the most erogenous zones), mainstream garments generally cover the buttocks completely, even when it is not a practical requirement. Nevertheless male and female clothing is often designed in a way that reveals the shape of the buttocks under the clothing.
Some articles of clothing are designed to expose the buttocks. Such clothing is not generally worn in public situations; however, it is sometimes considered appropriate to wear such clothing at swimming facilities or at the beach.
Emphasis on one part or another of the body tends to shift with generations. The 1880s were well-known for the fashion trend among women called the bustle, which made even the smallest buttocks appear huge. The popularity of this fashion is shown in the famous Georges Seurat painting A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte in the two women to the far left and right. Like long underwear with the ubiquitous 'butt flap' (used to allow baring only the bottom with a simple gesture, as for hygiene), this clothing style was acknowledged in popular media such as cartoons and comics for generations afterward.
More recently, the cleavage of the buttocks is sometimes exposed by some women, deliberately or accidentally, as fashion dictated trousers be worn lower, as with hip-hugger pants.
An example of another attitude in an otherwise hardly exhibitionist culture is the Japanese fundoshi.
In the United Kingdom there is an annual award given to the male and female winners of the celebrity voted to have the Rear of the Year for that year. Past Winners have included Sarah Lancashire and Jane Danson.
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This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
Dansk (Danish)
n. - endebalde, balde
Français (French)
n. - fesse, croupe (d'un animal)
Deutsch (German)
n. - Gesäßhälfte, Hinterbacke
Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - γλουτός, κωλομέρι
Português (Portuguese)
n. - nádega (f), traseiro (m)
Svenska (Swedish)
n. - skinka, ända, bakdel
中文(简体)(Chinese (Simplified))
屁股的半边肉, 船尾, 屁股
中文(繁體)(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 屁股的半邊肉, 船尾, 屁股
한국어 (Korean)
n. - 궁둥이, 선미, (레슬링의)허리치기
日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 臀部, 尻, 船尾, バトック
v. - 腰投げをかける
العربيه (Arabic)
(الاسم) ردف من مؤخرة شخص ما
עברית (Hebrew)
n. - אחור, שת, עכוז
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