| California Highway Patrol |
| Abbreviation |
CHP |
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| Patch of the California Highway Patrol. |
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| CHP Door Shield |
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| CHP Logo |
| Motto |
Safety, Service, and Security |
| Agency overview |
| Formed |
August 14, 1929 |
| Employees |
9,905 (as of 2004) [1] |
| Annual budget |
$1.9 billion (as of 2007) |
| Legal personality |
Governmental: Government agency |
| Jurisdictional structure |
| Operations jurisdiction* |
State of California, USA |
|
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| Map of California Highway Patrol's jurisdiction. |
| Size |
163,696 square miles |
| Population |
36,553,215 (2007 est.)[2] |
| Legal jurisdiction |
California |
| General nature |
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| Specialist jurisdiction |
Highways, roads, and-or traffic. |
| Operational structure |
| Headquarters |
Sacramento, California |
| Officers |
7,085 (as of 2004) [1] |
| Civilians |
2,820 (as of 2004) [1] |
| Commissioner responsible |
Joe Farrow |
| Parent agency |
California Business, Transportation and Housing Agency |
| Facilities |
| Commands |
8 Divisions
16 Inspection Facilities
102 Area Offices |
| Patrol Cars |
Crown Victoria Police Interceptor |
| Light Aircrafts |
Cessna 206 |
| Website |
http://www.chp.ca.gov
http://www.chpcareers.com |
| Footnotes |
| * Divisional agency: Division of the country, over which the agency has usual operational jurisdiction. |
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The California Highway Patrol (CHP) is an agency of the U.S. State of California with patrol jurisdiction over all California highways. The CHP also acts as the state police.
The CHP was originally created when Governor C. C. Young signed a bill sent to him by the California State Legislature in 1929 mandating its establishment. The bill created a highway patrol agency (within the California Department of Motor Vehicles) to ensure road safety in California. The agency assumed greater responsibility with the passage of time, and was eventually spun off into a separate department by Governor Earl Warren in 1947.
The CHP provides many services, including protecting state buildings and facilities, conducting criminal investigations, and assisting local law enforcement agencies.
The CHP is the largest state police agency in the United States with about 9,900 employees, of whom 6,800 are sworn officers, according to FBI data.[3]
Highway Patrol duties
The agency has specific jurisdiction over all California state routes, U.S. Highways, Interstate Highways, freeways in the state, and all public roads in unincorporated parts of a county. Local police or the local sheriff's department having a contract with an incorporated city have responsibility to investigate and enforce traffic laws in incorporated cities. However, the CHP can still enforce traffic laws on any public road anywhere in the state regardless if it is in an incorporated or unincorporated city. While the CHP's primary jurisdiction is transportation-related, they have full law enforcement authority. They can enforce any state law anywhere in the state.
Its officers enforce the California Vehicle Code (including laws against speeding), pursue fugitives spotted on the highways, and attend to all significant obstructions and accidents within their jurisdiction. They patrol in various vehicles including Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptors, Dodge Charger (LX)s, Chevrolet Camaros, BMW R1150RT-P motorcycles, Cessna 206 airplanes, and helicopters which include Bell OH-58As, Bell 206L-IVs and Eurocopter AS-350B-3s. The CHP has a fleet of 73 Chevrolet Camaros, which are used for commercial vehicle patrols.
CHP officers are responsible for investigating and disposing of car accidents, debris, dead animals and other impediments to the free flow of traffic. They are often the first responders at the scene of an accident (or obstruction), and in turn summon paramedics, firefighters, tow truck drivers or Caltrans personnel. The CHP files traffic collision reports for state highways and within unincorporated areas.
Special responsibilities
The CHP also publishes data on traffic accidents in California from a database called SWITRS (Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System).
After the September 11, 2001 attacks the CHP became responsible for securing and patrolling a number of potential terrorist targets in the State of California. These sites include the Bay Bridge, nuclear power plants, government buildings, and key infrastructure sites. They also maintain a SWAT team on 24 hour stand-by to respond to any terrorist activity.
In September 2005 the CHP sent its two Mobile Field Forces (highly trained and equipped quick reaction/deployment teams for cilvil disturbances and/or disasters) to the Gulf Coast to assist in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Before the United States National Guard arrived, the CHP had four patrol helicopters over New Orleans, more than forty vehicles on the ground, and more than 200 officers and other staff, including a SWAT team, deployed in New Orleans.[citation needed]
The CHP also has officers assigned to drug task forces and other criminal investigative task forces throughout the state, and maintains highly trained Warrant Service Teams throughout each of its Divisions. These teams serve high risk felony arrest and search warrants generated as a result of CHP investigations, and the WST assists local, state and federal law enforcement agencies serve the same type of high risk warrants.
Additionally, the CHP has dozens of narcotic/patrol and explosive detection K-9's throughout the state.
Organization
One of the California Highway Patrol's additional responsibilities includes a governor protection detail.
The CHP is led by the Commissioner, who is appointed by the Governor of California. The Deputy Commissioner is also appointed by the Governor and the Assistant Commissioners are appointed by the Commissioner.
In 2008 Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger appointed Joe Farrow as CHP Commissioner, succeeding Mike Brown. [4]
Hierarchy
- Secretary of Business, Transportation & Housing Agency - Dale E. Bonner
- Commissioner of the Highway Patrol - Joseph A Farrow
- Deputy Commissioner of the Highway Patrol - R.D. Carter
- Office of Internal Affairs
- Office of Employee Relations
- Office of the Special Representative
- Office of Media Relations
- Assistant Commissioner, Field Operations - T.J. Clark
- Northern Division
- Valley Division
- Golden Gate Division
- Central Division
- Southern Division
- Border Division
- Coastal Division
- Inland Division
- Protective Services Division
- Office of Air Operations
- State Security Division
- Assistant Commissioner, Staff Operations - K.P. Green
- Office of Employee Assistance
- Administrative Services Division
- Enforcement Services Division
- Planning & Analysis Division
- Information Management Division
- Assistant Commissioner, Leadership Development & Communications - R.C. Prieto
- Office of Media Relations
- Office of Organizational Development
- Office of Community Outreach & Recruitment
- Office of Academy
- Assistant Commissioner, Inspector General - M.C. A. Santiago
- Office of Investigations
- Office of Risk Management
- Office of Inspections
- Office of Equal Employment Opportunity
Rank Structure
Traditions
A CHP Camaro painted in traditional black and white colors
CHP uniforms are traditionally khaki-colored with campaign hat and blue and gold trouser stripe. The dress uniform includes a green jacket and royal blue tie (bow tie for motor officers). Cold weather and utility uniforms are dark blue.
Standard traffic enforcement patrol vehicles are required by state law to have a white door with, in the case of the CHP, a star. Special low profile vehicles have long been a part of the CHP fleet. There are several all white patrol vehicles as well as Chevrolet Camaros joined the CHP fleet in 2002. Painted white and sporting a thin, flat LED light bar, rather than the traditional seven-pod Federal Signal Vision unit, these pursuit cars were designated for enforcement of trucking laws, but are also used for general patrol duties.
The California Highway Patrol is one of the few organizations to continue to use the older toll-free "Zenith 1-2000" number. With the falling cost of telephone area code 800, 888 etc. numbers, most organizations have chosen to switch to one of the newer numbers and discontinue use of the Zenith service which requires operator assistance.
Like any statewide law enforcement agency, the CHP has developed certain colorful traditions such as its own system of radio codes widely adopted by local agencies. The most important is 11-99 (officer needs emergency assistance or officer down).
In 1981, a charitable foundation, the 11-99 Foundation, was founded to provide benefits and scholarships to officers and their families.
Code of Honor
The CHP has a code of honor. It states:
I, a member of the California Highway Patrol, subscribe in word and deed to the following:
| “ |
To serve the United States of America and the State of California honestly, and conscientiously; and fulfill my oath as a soldier of the law;
To uphold and maintain the honor and integrity of the California Highway Patrol;
Be loyal to my fellow officers; respect and obey my seniors in rank; and enforce the law without fear, favor, or discrimination;
Assist those in peril or distress, and, if necessary, lay down my life rather than swerve from the path of duty;
My personal conduct shall at all times be above reproach and I will never knowingly commit any act that will in any way bring discredit upon the California Highway Patrol or any member thereof;
To all of this I do solemnly pledge my sacred honor as an Officer of the California Highway Patrol.
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” |
Fallen officers
Since its formation in 1929, 213 CHP Officers have been killed in the line of duty. The three most common causes of line of duty deaths to date are (in order): Automobile/Motorcycle Accidents; Gunfire; Vehicular Assault (i.e., struck by drunk driver, reckless driving or otherwise impaired drivers).[5] 1964 was the deadliest year, with 8 officers dying in the line of duty.
Mexico Liaison Unit
The "Mexico Liaison Unit" is a Border Division Unit based in San Diego. As the CHP has no jurisdiction in Mexico, officers from the Unit work closely with Mexican authorities to recover stolen vehicles and assist with other law enforcement issues. The purpose of the "Mexico Liaison Unit" is to develop and maintain positive working relations with Mexican authorities in order to:
1. Locate and identify stolen US vehicles taken to Mexico.
2. Identify vehicle thieves and ensure their prosecution, either in Mexico or California.
3. Provide assistance to Mexican and US authorities.
The unit was originally created in 1958 and consisted of one officer. It was discontinued in the 1970s, and reestablished in 1980. The unit is comprised of one sergeant and six officers, all of whom are fluent in Spanish.[6]
A CHP unit at the scene of an accident
Newhall Incident
On April 6, 1970, four California Highway Patrol officers were killed in a 4-1/2 minute gun battle in the Newhall region of Southern California. The incident is a landmark in CHP history due both to its emotional impact and the procedural and doctrinal reforms made by the CHP in the incident's aftermath.
The 25th anniversary of the Newhall Incident was observed in April, 1995, at the present Newhall Area office, where a brick memorial pays tribute to Officers James Pence (6885), Roger Gore (6547), Walt Frago (6520) and George Alleyn (6290). The memorial once stood at the former Newhall office, but was rebuilt at the new site, about one mile from the scene of the slayings. [7]
The killings occurred in a restaurant parking lot just before midnight. Officers Walt Frago and Roger Gore had been alerted by radio of a vehicle carrying someone who had brandished a weapon. They spotted the car, fell in behind, called for backup, and began the stop procedure. When the subjects' vehicle had come to a halt in the parking lot, the driver was instructed to get out and place his spread hands on the hood. Gore approached him and Frago moved to the passenger side. The right-side door suddenly swung open and the passenger sprung out, firing at Frago, who fell with two shots in his chest. The gunman, later identified as Jack Twinning, then turned and fired once at Gore, who returned fire. In that moment the driver, Bobby Davis, turned and shot Gore twice at close range. Both officers died instantly.
When Officers James Pence and George Alleyn drove in moments later, they could see neither suspects nor downed officers, but immediately came under fire. Pence put out an 11-99 call ("officer needs help") then took cover behind the passenger door. Alleyn grabbed the shotgun, and positioned himself behind the driver-side door. Both officers were mortally wounded in the ensuing exchange, and one subject was hit.
Gary Kness saw the gunfight as he drove along The Old Road and stopped to help. Kness ran toward the gun battle as shots were still being fired.
"I was driving to work as a computer operator when I turned the corner on the Old Road and saw the gunfire, I saw two CHP cars and a red car. I always say my brain said to get out of the way, but my feet ran the wrong way."[8]
Kness tried to drag the mortally wounded Alleyn out of the line of fire. When one of the two assailants began firing at him, Kness grabbed a CHP shotgun lying on the ground and aimed it at one of the gunmen. The shotgun was empty, however. Kness snatched Alleyn's service revolver from the ground, aimed with both hands and fired, hitting gunman Bobby Augusta Davis in the chest. When Davis kept advancing toward him, Kness tried to shoot again, but the CHP pistol was out of bullets.
"I was upset there weren't four or five more rounds in there. After that, I ran and jumped in a ditch. The dumbest thing is, I still had the service revolver in my hand. I was afraid when more police came they'd think I was one of the gunman. So I put it behind me and said, 'They went that way.' "[8]
Suspects Jack Twinning and Bobby Davis escaped, later abandoned their vehicle and then split up. For nine hours, officers blanketed the area searching for the killers. Twinning broke into a house and briefly held a man hostage. Officers used tear gas before storming the house, but Twinning killed himself using the shotgun he had stolen from Frago. Davis was captured, stood trial and convicted on four counts of murder. He was sentenced to death, but in 1972 the California Supreme Court declared the death penalty to be cruel and unusual punishment and in 1973, the court modified Davis's sentence to life in prison.
Of the incident, Ronald Reagan, the Governor of California at the time, said the following words: "If anything worthwhile comes of this tragedy, it should be the realization by every citizen that often the only thing that stands between them and losing everything they hold dear... is the man wearing a badge."[9]
An emotionally charged follow-up investigation followed the incident, but eventually led to a complete revision of procedures during high-risk and felony stops. Firearms procedures have also changed fundamentally due to this incident, and physical methods of arrest have been improved. The police baton and pepper spray have been added to the officer's arsenal, with more in-depth training in their use. In all, though the incident was a great tragedy, the reforms that stemmed from it have made uniformed officers more alert and better prepared for the dangers faced every day. [10]
Davis died in prison on August 18, 2009.
Mergers
On July 12, 1995, the California State Police, which was a separate agency, was merged into the CHP, thus greatly expanding the agency's mandate. In addition to safety on the state highway system, it is now responsible for the safety of all elected state officials and all people who work in or are utilizing a state building in California, such as the State Capitol Building in Sacramento.
It has also been discussed to merge the Law Enforcement Division of the California Department of Fish and Game into the California Highway Patrol[11][12]. By doing so, this may allow for better protection of California's environment and natural resources. The underfunded DFG Law Enforcement Division[13][14][15] has faced low numbers of Game Wardens also known as Conservation Police Officers for the last ten years; a similar idea is already in place in Oregon and Alaska, where the Oregon State Police[16] and Alaska State Troopers[17] serve as game wardens under a separate fish and wildlife division within the two departments.
Duty Weapons
The current standard issue firearm for CHP officers is the Smith & Wesson Model 4006 TSW in .40 S&W. Each CHP patrol car is equipped with a Remington 870 Police 12-gauge shotgun and a Colt AR-15A2 in .223. Additionally, some officers are authorized to carry a taser.
Vehicles and Patrol Cars
The current patrol vehicle is the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor. A small number of 2002 Chevrolet Camaros were developed, at first intended for commercial enforcement, but later distributed to many major offices for general patrol. Many will soon be retired as they approach 100,000 miles.
Future replacements are being considered for current patrol cars, though the Dodge Charger is the leading contender for the replacement to the existing fleet of vehicles. Each division now has several in operation on daily patrol. However, the first order of Dodge Chargers were purchased for training and as undercover vehicles.[18] Several vehicles were allocated to public affairs officers and are used for recruiting purposes. An example of these vehicles can be seen at the California State Fair and other venues. CHP also uses Chevy Silverados, Dodge Rams(commercial vehicle enforcement), Ford Expeditions, and Dodge Durangos for their divisions that snow frequently or have certain terrains to permit off road driving.
Notorious officers
- George Gwaltney, a former Barstow based, CHP patrolman was convicted on May 10, 1984, in federal court, for the 1982 rape and slaying of Robin Bishop. Following conviction, Gwaltney was subsequently sentenced to 90 years, being eligible for parole after serving at least 30. Gwaltney died in federal custody from a heart attack.[19]
- Craig Peyer, a former CHP officer, is serving a 25-years-to-life prison sentence for the on-duty strangulation and murder of Cara Knott in December 1986. Knott's skull was smashed and her body discarded over a bridge. Peyer was convicted of first-degree murder in 1988. Although he has maintained innocence since then, Peyer has been consistently denied parole.[20] In 2004 the parole board offered Craig Peyer the chance to prove his alleged innocence by providing a DNA sample to compare against a drop of blood found on Cara's shoe, using modern DNA profiling. Peyer declined.
Media references
- CHiPs was a fictional television drama show of the 1970s about the CHP, and the CHP also helped out in the 1955 TV show Highway Patrol starring Broderick Crawford. Also the CHiPs TV series was made into a modern telemovie called CHiPs '99. A theatrical release motion picture version of the show has been announced, and is tentatively scheduled to release in 2011.[21]
Origins of the California Highway Patrol's name
When the CHP was formed, there were discussions as to what to call this new agency. The consensus was for the name "California Highway Patrol." The American Automobile Association (AAA) is a private organization which provided, among other things, roadside assistance to their members. At that time, the AAA had a fleet of trucks which patrolled the roads so they could assist their members. These trucks carried a sign which said "Highway Patrol." The CHP organizers decided it would be best to contact AAA to see if AAA would mind the state using this name. The AAA considered the idea, and gave their permission.[22]
See also
References
- ^ a b c USDOJ Statistics
- ^ http://www.census.gov/popest/states/NST-ann-est.html 2007 Population Estimates
- ^ Crime in the United States, 2006, Table 76, Federal Bureau of Investigation.
- ^ http://www.ktvu.com/news/15291311/detail.html
- ^ The Officer Down Memorial Page
- ^ CHP-Mexico Liaison
- ^ ""CHP: The Newhall Incident"". http://www.chp.ca.gov/memorial/newhall.html. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
- ^ a b http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-chp5apr05,0,2233857.story
- ^ Anderson, John; Marsh Cassady (1998). The Newhall Incident: America's Worst Uniformed Cop Massacre. Quill Driver Books. ISBN 1884956017, 9781884956010.
- ^ "CHP: The Newhall Incident". http://www.chp.ca.gov/memorial/newhall.html. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
- ^ California Fish and Game Commission Meeting March 6 2008
- ^ A how-to guide in revamping woeful DFG Tom Stienstra San Francisco Chronicle December 8 2002
- ^ A world without game wardens? ESPN March 6 2008
- ^ Game-warden shortage is about to get worse San Francisco Chronicle September 23 2007
- ^ Lots of ocean, but few game wardens! Sacramento Bee August 23 2007
- ^ Oregon State Police Fish and Wildlife Division
- ^ Division of Alaska Wildlife Troopers
- ^ "Making Inroads in Cop-Car Market, Dodge eager to go back to glory days with V-6 Charger". San Jose Mercury News. 2007-05-11. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=119165118C604A08&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
- ^ http://cases.justia.com/us-court-of-appeals/F2/790/1378/8638/
- ^ http://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/15188876/detail.html?subid=10101561
- ^ "CHiPs (2009)". The Internet Movie Database. IMDb.com, Inc.. 3 September 2008. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0493405/. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
- ^ CHP Terms Explained
Book
Crane, Bob, California Association of Highway Patrolmen Golden Chronicle 1920-1970, (Sacramento, California: California Association of Highway Patrolmen, 1970).
External links
