Camillo Golgi, 1906.
Camillo Golgi (July 7, 1843 – January 21, 1926) was an Italian
physician and scientist.
Biography
Golgi was born in Corteno (now Corteno Golgi, province of Brescia, Lombardy). His father was a physician and district medical officer. Golgi studied medicine at
University of Pavia, where he worked in the experimental pathology laboratory under Giulio Bizzozero, who elucidated the
properties of bone marrow. He graduated in 1865. He spent much
of his career studying the central nervous system. Tissue staining techniques in the latter half of the 19th century were
inadequate for studying nervous tissue. While working as chief medical officer in a
psychiatric hospital, he experimented with metal
impregnation of nervous tissue, using mainly silver (silver
staining). He discovered a method of staining nervous tissue which would stain a limited number of cells at random, in
their entirety. This enabled him to view the paths of nerve cells in the brain for the first time.
He called his discovery the "black reaction" (in Italian, reazione nera), which
later received his name (Golgi's method) or Golgi stain. The reason for the random
staining is still not understood.
Drawing by Camillo Golgi of a
hippocampus stained with the silver nitrate method.
The black reaction consisted in fixing silver chromate particles to the
neurilemma (the neuron membrane) by reacting silver
nitrate with potassium dichromate. This resulted in a stark black deposit on
the soma as well as on the axon and all dendrites, providing an exceedingly clear and well contrasted picture of neuron
against a yellow background. The ability to visualize separate neurons led to the eventual acceptance of the neuron doctrine. [1]
In addition to this discovery, Golgi discovered a tendon sensory organ that bears his name (Golgi receptor). He
studied the life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum and related the timing of
fevers seen in malaria with the life cycle of this organism.
Using his staining technique, Golgi identified the intracellular reticular apparatus in 1898 which bears his name, the
Golgi apparatus.
In renal physiology Golgi is renown for being the first to show that the distal tubulus of the nephron returns to its originating glomerulus (nerve ending of the Bombula) a finding that he published in 1889
("Annotazioni intorno all'Istologia dei reni dell'uomo e di altri mammifieri e sull'istogenesi dei canalicoli oriniferi".
Rendiconti R. Acad. Lincei 5: 545-557, 1889.).
Golgi, together with Santiago Ramón y Cajal, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906 for
his studies of the structure of the nervous system.
Golgi died in Pavia, Italy, in January 1926.
Golgi’s landmarks in Pavia
In Pavia several landmarks stand as Golgi’s memory.
- A marble statue, in a yard of the old buildings of the University of Pavia, at
N.65 of the central “Strada Nuova”. On the basament, there is the following inscription in Italian language: "Camillo Golgi /
patologo sommo / della scienza istologica / antesignano e maestro / la segreta struttura / del tessuto nervoso / con intenta
vigilia / sorprese e descrisse / qui operò / qui vive / guida e luce ai venturi / MDCCCXLIII - MCMXXVI" (Camillo Golgi /
outstanding pathologist / of histological science / precursor and master / the secret structure / of the nervous tissue / with
strenuous effort / discovered and described / here he worked / here he lives / here he guides and enlightens future scholars /
1843 - 1926).
- "Golgi’s home", also in Strada Nuova, at N.77, a few hundreds meters away from the University, just in front to the
historical “Teatro Fraschini”. It is the home in which Golgi spent the most of his family life, with his wife Lina.
- Golgi’ tomb is in the Monumental Cemetery of Pavia (viale San Giovannino), along the central lane, just before the big
monument to the falls of the First World War. It is a very simple granite grave, with a bronze medallion representing the
scientist’s profile. Near Golgi’s tomb, apart his wife, other two important italian medical scientists are buried:
Bartolomeo Panizza and Adelchi Negri.
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Golgi’s home in Strada Nuova
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the facade of the house with the inscription
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the bronze medallion with Golgi’s profile
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References
External links
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