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Camp Fire Girl

 
Dictionary: Camp Fire Girl
 
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n.

A girl who is a member of the Campfire Boys and Girls.

[From Camp Fire Girls, Inc., former name of the Campfire Boys and Girls.]


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US History Encyclopedia: Camp Fire Girls
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The origin of the Camp Fire Girls belongs to a larger, complex history of scouting in America. Two early promoters of the scouting movement were Earnest Thompson Seton and Daniel Beard. Seton established an organization for boys called the Woodcraft Indians in 1902 and Daniel Beard began an organization for boys called the Sons of Daniel Boone in 1905. The themes of the two organizations varied, but both influenced the establishment of the Boy Scouts of America in 1910. The sister organization to the Boy Scouts became the Camp Fire Girls, initially evolving from a lone New England camp run by Luther and Charlotte Gulick.

Dr. Luther Gulick was a well-known and respected youth reformer. His wife, Charlotte Gulick, was interested in child psychology and authored books and articles on hygiene. After consulting with Seton, Mrs. Gulick decided on using his Indian narrative as a camp theme. The name of the camp and motto was "Wo-He-Lo," an Indian-sounding word that was short for "Work, Health, and Love." Following the Woodcraft model, Mrs. Gulick focused on nature study and recreation. That first year they had seventeen young girls in camp singing songs and learning crafts. A year later William Chauncy Langdon, poet, social worker, and friend of the Gulicks, established another girls' camp in Thetford, Vermont, that followed the Woodcraft model. He was the first to coin the name "Camp Fire Girls."

In 1911 Luther Gulick convened a meeting at the Horace Mann Teachers College to entertain the ways and means of creating a national organization for girls along the lines of the Boy Scouts. Seton's wife, Grace, and Beard's sister, Lina, were both involved in the early organization and lobbied for a program that adopted Indian and pioneer themes. In 1912 the organization was incorporated as the Camp Fire Girls, and chapters soon sprang up in cities across the country. In the summer of 1914 between 7,000 and 8,000 girls were involved in the organization and a decade and a half later there were nearly 220,000 girls meeting in 9,000 local groups. The Camp Fire Girls remained an important part of the scouting movement throughout the twentieth century. The name was changed to the Camp Fire Boys and Girls in the 1970s when boys were invited to participate, and in 2001 the organization became known as Camp Fire U.S.A.

Bibliography

Deloria, Philip. Playing Indian. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998.

Eells, Eleanor. History of Organized Camping: The First 100 Years. Martinsville, Ind.: American Camping Association, 1986.

Schmitt, Peter J. Back to Nature: The Arcadian Myth in Urban America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969.

—Timothy Bawden

 
Columbia Encyclopedia: Camp Fire Boys and Girls
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Camp Fire Boys and Girls, American organization for boys and girls from birth to age 21, originally the Camp Fire Girls, for girls 6 to 18 years old. It was founded (1910) by Luther Halsey Gulick (1865–1918) and other educators “to perpetuate the spiritual ideals of the home” and “to stimulate and aid in the formation of habits making for health and character.” Boys were invited to join in 1975, and the organization was renamed; boys now comprise 45% of the membership of 667,000 (1999). Camp Fire runs resident camping, child-care, and self-reliance programs, as well as coeducational clubs led by adult volunteers.

 
Education Encyclopedia: Youth Organizations: Camp Fire Usa
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Camp Fire USA is a national youth organization that offers leisure-time education and recreation programs to all girls and boys from preschool through twelfth grade. The aim of the organization is to assist girls and boys in preparing for adult life through gradually more complex experiences.

Program

Camp Fire USA's programs are designed to be youth-centered and fun but with serious learning goals, such as fostering tolerance, building friendships and relationships with adults, developing a sense of family and community, and providing service to others in need. Unlike many youth organizations, Camp Fire programs do not segregate boys and girls. All clubs and activities are coeducational. The four program levels of Camp Fire USA are: Starflight for boys and girls from kindergarten through second grade, Adventure for children in third through fifth grades, Discovery for children in sixth through eighth grades, and Horizon for boys and girls in ninth through twelfth grades. Each year some 200 Camp Fire members are named Wohelos, the organization's highest honor.

Most Camp Fire clubs include eight to twenty members who meet at least once a week after school, in the evenings, or on weekends. Each club is lead by one or more adult volunteers. At meetings members may play games, sing and dance, learn crafts, and explore nature. Camp Fire clubs also visit interesting and educational places and take camping trips. Older members engage in community-service activities, such as visiting homes for senior citizens, serving food at a homeless shelter, or tutoring younger children.

Camp Fire USA sponsors special self-reliance and community-service classes. These include I'm Safe and Sure, to teach children in kindergarten and first grade about home safety and family responsibility; Count on Me Kids, to teach children in kindergarten through second grade about alcohol and drug prevention; I Can Do It! to teach second and third graders about safety and nutrition; I'm Peer-Proof, to teach fourth through sixth graders how to build friendships and resist negative peer pressure; I'm Taking Care, to teach fifth and sixth graders how to care for younger children; and A Gift of Giving, to teach kindergarten through sixth-grade children to identify community needs and get involved in worthwhile community-service projects.

Camp Fire clubs are actively involved in teen leadership development. Every two years Camp Fire USA organizes a Youth Leadership Forum, during which hundreds of Horizon members gather to discuss issues of importance to society. In 2001 the forum addressed violence and how to combat it. Camp Fire teenagers also spend time exploring career possibilities.

Organization

Camp Fire programs are carried out by 120 Camp Fire USA councils serving over 650,000 boys and girls annually in forty states and the District of Columbia. Each council oversees the work of numerous local clubs. Camp Fire USA has a national executive director and policymaking body called the National Council. Representatives from the regional councils serve on the National Council.

Membership

Camp Fire USA accepts members without regard to race, gender, socioeconomic status, disability, sexual orientation, or religious affiliation. Most boys and girls who participate in Camp Fire programs are between the ages of five and eighteen. They are guided by adult volunteers and are sponsored by individuals and by civic, religious, fraternal, educational, and other organizations. Financial support is derived from membership in the United Way, private and corporate donations, the sale of official merchandise, program fees, and membership dues. The organization also raises funds though its annual fundraiser, the Camp Fire candy sale.

History

Camp Fire Girls was founded in 1910 by Luther Gulick, a medical doctor, and his wife, Charlotte. It was the first nonsectarian organization for girls in the United States. The organization began including boys in 1975 and changed its name to Camp Fire Boys and Girls to emphasize the coeducational nature of the programs. The organization changed its name to Camp Fire, Inc., in 1984. By 2001 boys accounted for 46 percent of Camp Fire membership.

In 1999 the organization adopted a new mission statement: "Camp Fire builds caring, confidant youth, and future leaders." In 2001 the organization changed its name to Camp Fire USA and launched a major image-awareness campaign, which included television, radio, and magazine spots designed to educate the public about the value and mission of Camp Fire programs.

Bibliography

Allen, Martha; Buckler, Helen; Fiedler, Mary; and Schaumburg, Ron, eds. 1980. Wo-He-Lo: The Camp Fire History. Kansas City, MO: Camp Fire, Inc.

Internet Resource

Camp Fire USA. 2002. www.campfireusa.org.

— EDITH M. LERRIGO, Revised by, JUDITH J. CULLIGAN

 
Wikipedia: Camp Fire USA
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Camp Fire USA
Camp Fire USA
Camp Fire USA logo
Headquarters Kansas City, Missouri
Country  United States
Founded March 17, 1910
Founders Luther Gulick, M.D.
Charlotte Gulick
Membership 750,000
Nation Board Chair Gwen Whitson
Nation Board Vice Chair Larry A. Bishop
President/CEO Jill Pasewalt
Website
campfire.org
Scouting Scouting portal
For the rock band, see Campfire Girls (band).

Camp Fire USA is a nationwide American youth organization that began in 1910 as Camp Fire Girls. The organization has been co-ed since 1975 and has youth from pre-kindergarten through age 21. Camp Fire was the first nonsectarian, interracial organization for girls in the United States.

Founded on March 17, 1910, in Thetford, Vermont, by Luther Gulick M.D. and his wife Charlotte Vedder Gulick.[1] Camp Fire Girls, as it was known at the time, was created as the sister organization to the Boy Scouts of America.[2]

Originally named Camp Fire Girls, the name was changed to Camp Fire Boys and Girls when it went co-ed in 1975. In 2001 it changed its name again to Camp Fire USA. [3]

Contents

History

Camp Fire Stamp

In 1910, young girls in Thetford, Vermont, watched their brothers, friends and schoolmates – all Boy Scouts – practice their parts in the community's 150th anniversary, which would be celebrated the following summer. The pageant's organizer, William Chauncey Langdon, promised the girls that they, too, would have an organized role in the pageant, although no organization such as Boy Scouts existed then for girls. Langdon consulted with Mrs. Charles Farnsworth, preceptress of Horace Mann School near Thetford, Vermont. Both approached Luther Halsey Gulick M.D.[4] about creating a national organization for girls. Gulick brought this idea to friends, among them G. Stanley Hall, Ernest Thompson Seton, and James West, executive secretary of the Boy Scouts.[5] After many discussions and help from Gulick and his wife Charlotte, Langdon named the group of Thetford girls the "Camp Fire Girls".[6]

By December 1913, Camp Fire Girls' membership was an estimated sixty thousand, and many of these began attending the local summer camps the Camp Fire provided.[5] The "Blue Bird" program was introduced this year, for younger girls and offered exploration of ideas and creative play built around family and community life.[7] In 1989 the "Blue Bird" level became the "Starflight" level.

The first official Camp Fire handbook was published in 1914.[8] During World War I Camp Fire Girls helped to sell over one million dollars in Liberty Bonds and over nine hundred thousand dollars in Thrift Stamps; fifty-five thousand girls helped to support French and Belgian orphans and an estimated sixty-eight thousand girls earned honors by conservation of food.[9]

Camp Fire celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1960, with the "She Cares... Do You?" program. During the project, Camp Fire planted more than two million trees, built 13,000 bird houses and completed several other conservation-oriented tasks. To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Camp Fire Girls' movement, in connection with the Golden Jubilee Convention celebration of the organization a stamp, designed by H. Edward Oliver, was issued featuring the insignia of the Camp Fire Girls. [10] A new program level "Junior Hi" in which twelve and thirteen year old girls explore new interests as a group and as individuals was created in 1962. This program name changed later to "Discovery". [11] That same year the WoHeLo medallion became Camp Fire's highest achievement and honor.

In 1969, Camp Fire Girls were allowed to be "Participants" in BSA's Explorer Posts (for boys 14 and older). This ended in 1971, when the BSA made Explorers a co-ed program. Membership was at two hundred seventy-four thousand by 1974 and in thirteen hundred communities of the United States.[12] Camp Fire expanded its horizons in 1975, and encourages boys to participate in all Camp Fire activities.[13]Boys were invited to Camp Fire Girls Horizon Conferences in the late 1960s and early 1970s, but official membership was not offered to boys until 1975, when the organization became coeducational. Camp Fire decided boys and girls should be together through one organization, so they learn to play together, work together and appreciate their similarities and differences in positive ways. They understand that people from either gender can be their teachers, coworkers, supervisors, confidantes, coaches and friends.[14]

Camp Fire's head office moved, in 1977, to Kansas City from New York,[15] where it is still located today. Teens in Action was introduced in 1988 as a one time social issue campaign to energize the older youth program. Today Teens in Action, Camp Fire USA's service–learning program for teens, serves over 60,000 teens.

Motto and symbols

Mission

"Camp Fire USA builds caring, confident youth and future leaders."

Camp Fire USA achieves this mission using 12 core values and identified outcomes for healthy children and youth. Chief among Camp Fire USA’s core values are: Small group experiences where children and youth are actively involved in their own learning. Coeducation that provides opportunities for children and families to develop together. An inclusive environment that welcomes all children, youth, adults and families. Leadership opportunities engaging youth to give, serve, and make decisions.[14]

Motto

The Camp Fire slogan "Give service"[16], indicates the importance placed upon helping in the family, club, community, council and country. Founders Dr. Luther Gulick and wife Charlotte Vetter Gulick endorsed the idea that constructive work created the roots of true service to humanity and a genuine joy of living, thus establishing Camp Fire's slogan to give service. [17]

The primary purpose of Camp Fire is to promote service to others, team work, and opportunities for a well rounded life — a vivid, intense life of joy and service. Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick[18]

Camp Fire youth are taught to give service in their families, in their clubs, in their Councils, in their neighborhoods, and in their larger communities. Giving service is taught as something worthy of being done for a whole lifetime, wherever the person is.

Camp Fire Law

In the Camp Fire USA Law, which dates from the first few years of Camp Fire, "Give Service" was originally the first line of the law.[19] In 1942 the words "Worship God" were explicitly given as the first term of the law. Camp Fire has clarified that, "At no time in the organization's history has a Camp Fire member been asked to take any oath or make any promise. The Camp Fire law is a desire or a goal, not an oath."

Luther Gulick said of the law: “The power of the law is within you. It is not law that other people can demand you obey; that is, it is not law from without — it is law from the heart. It commands only those who seek to follow. It is opportunity, not obligation. It is an open road leading to the beautiful country where you live, rather than chains which would bind or limit your freedom.”[14]

  • Worship God – Respect all people, places and things as gifts of love. Share friendship and warmth as gifts to be given to others.
  • Seek Beauty – Look for the good in all people, places, things and nature.
  • Give Service – Show you care. Be a helper at home, at school, in your neighborhood, in your community, for your world.
  • Pursue Knowledge – Try new things. Experiment with a new skill. Learn more about something you already know.
  • Be Trustworthy – Be honest, truthful and do the things you say you will do. Be worthy of responsibilities others give you.
  • Hold onto Health – Exercise, get lots of sleep, eat healthy foods, and keep your body neat and clean. A healthy person feels good and is happy.
  • Glorify Work – Do the best you can with everything you do. Be proud of your work. Finish what you start.
  • Be Happy – Enjoy life. Be cheerful even if things don't always go your way. Be positive. Help others to be happy. Have fun.

Singing the Camp Fire Law

Most Camp Fire youth learn the Camp Fire Law by singing it. The Law seldom is spoken; it is most often sung.

The music is the old Scottish folk melody "Flow Gently Sweet Afton." The music was written by Alexander Hume; the words of "Flow Gently" were written by Robert Burns in 1786. The Afton is a river in Scotland, and the song has a man asking the river to flow gently because the woman he loves is sleeping next to the river.[16]

Symbols

The traditional symbol is two crossed logs and a three-tipped flame; the current symbol has been modernized and stylized, but the flame remains.[16]

Smokey Bear with members of the Boy Scouts of America and the Camp Fire Girls celebrating the 50th anniversary of their founding in 1910

Charlotte Gulick explained the symbolism of fire a short time after the organization's founding. “Fire symbolized the home, the place of comfort and cheer. Around the fire centers the home and its activities. Friends gather and the family gathers around it.”[14]

Colors

Red, white and blue.

WoHeLo

The word WoHeLo was coined by Camp Fire co-founder Charlotte Gulick in 1910[20], while introducing innovative programs for girls at the family's camp. It is a combination of the first two letters of the words "Work", "Health" and "Love"[21]. The thoughts in these three words represent the joy and worth of life. The word WoHeLo is often used as a greeting or password or may also be used in correspondence.

Programs

Camp Fire USA has five nationally developed youth development programs that are delivered through 145 local and statewide councils and community partners across the nation. Programs are specific to community need and some may not be available in all communities. The five outcome based program areas include: Small-Group Clubs and Mentoring Opportunities; Leadership Development; Camping and Environmental Education; Child Care; and Self- Reliance and Service–Learning Classes. [22]

Small-group clubs and mentoring opportunities

Boys and girls usually meet once a week for an hour, learning to work and play together through service projects.[23] Camp Fire USA has numerous youth-development programs that are delivered through 145 local and statewide councils and community partners. With Small-Group Clubs and Mentoring Opportunities, boys and girls usually meet once a week for an hour, learning to work and play together through service projects.

The program levels are:

  • Little Stars is for children ages three through five and provides parents and preschool youth with a quality, program-driven playgroup that gives them the opportunity to learn, grow and play.
  • STARflight program is for boys and girls in kindergarten through second grade. The children meet regularly in adult supervised clubs. Meeting activities can focus on the areas of outdoors, creativity, service, acquiring new skills, learning more about themselves and getting along with others. STAR is an acronym for "Service To Another Rewards".
  • Adventure Program is for boys and girls in third through fifth grade Adventure members earn Action Crafts beads for all the new things they do and for the good habits they learn. At this level youth begin to accept more responsibility for choosing and planning their club activities.
  • Discovery is for sixth through eighth grades. It gives young people an opportunity to explore new interesting fields. Club members do much of their own planning and decision making, with the adult leader functioning more as an advisor than a supervisor. This is also when Camp Fire youth are eligible to make and wear ceremonial attire, often gowns or tunics, which are worn only at Camp Fire ceremonials.
  • Horizon is for high school age youth in grades nine through twelve. These young people participate in self-guided programs geared toward preparing them for adult responsibilities and community service. Members may earn the WoHeLo Award.

Teens in Action

The Teens in Action program is built on Camp Fire USA's long tradition of recognizing youth as part of the solution to, and not the problem with, today’s social challenges. Working together with young people, Teens in Action strives to improve the communities where youth live, to challenge youth to learn new skills and provide leadership in areas they never thought possible. Programs of this nature inspire and honor community responsibility, contribute to the future of American volunteerism and encourage a sense of caring for others. [24]

The principles of Teens in Action are based on youth–adult partnerships and learning through empowering experiences. Its intent is to build strong ties between the teens and their families, schools and communities, and put a spotlight on issues of concern to youth. This program is based on the concept that young people are the key to the future and are making a difference in the world.[25]

Camping and environmental education

Outdoor experiences help children work in groups, make friends and build self-esteem while learning about ecology, conservation and the interrelationships of all living things. Camp Fire USA councils across the nation offer resident camp, day camp, overnight camping, environmental education and short-term outdoor recreation to more than 70,000 youth annually.[14]

"The organization shall endeavor to aid in the formation of habits making for health and vigor, the out-of-door habit, and the out-of-door spirit." Luther Gulick[26]

Past programs

Blue Birds, Sparks and Starflight

Through the years, many names have been used within Camp Fire to identify different age groups. Camp Fire's youngest members in elementary school were known as Blue Birds for many years.

In 1983, a club program for kindergartners was introduced. It was called Sparks. In 1989, these two age groups were combined. A new program level for kindergarten, first and second graders called Starflight was created. The tradition of Blue Birds has been preserved as a Camp Fire mascot for all ages to enjoy.[27]

Candy sales

Every year Camp Fire councils sell Almond Roca, Mint Patties and Almond Caramel Clusters. Money made from these sales goes to benefit Camp Fire groups, Camp Fire members, camps and programs.

Awards

Recognition is an important part of all Camp Fire USA programs. It helps children and adults build self-esteem and pride in their accomplishments.

Official national recognition items are one of the features that make Camp Fire USA unique and special. For their participation, growth and achievements, youth receive distinctive items such as beads, emblems, pins and certificates. At the early levels, Camp Fire leaders help youth choose activities and guide them in earning the recognition items. As teens, members select their own activities and develop their own action plans for earning recognition items. For adults, recognition items signify outstanding achievement or the number of years they have been adult Camp Fire USA members. Adults in programming or board positions are also recognized on the local level for their important roles in Camp Fire.

Beads

Youth are able to earn beads, while completing projects on the “Camp Fire Trails," as well as emblems. (In the past, once the participant earned ten of one type of bead, he or she was awarded a larger one of the same type to represent the ten smaller ones.) By 2006, there was one bead for each of the Camp Fire Trails.

Bead colors

  • Red – Sports, Games & Science – Trail to the Future
  • Brown – Outdoors & Environment – Trail to Environment
  • Green – Creativity –
  • Yellow – Business & Home – Trail to Family and Community
  • Red, White & Blue – Citizenship – Trail to knowing me
  • Purple – Special Projects
  • Lime Green – Discovery level

[28]

Wendy the Good Little Witch with members of the Camp Fire Girls

Wohelo Award

Established in 1962, and later renamed, the medallion is named for Camp Fire's watchword "WoHeLo". Each year approximately 200 Camp Fire youth throughout the nation receive the prestigious Wohelo Award every year. A youth may apply for the award after completing four major, specified, long-term projects called Reflections, and three self-selected projects, called Advocacies, dealing an area of concern of the youth member's choosing; one of which must be to Camp Fire USA, and one cannot be to Camp Fire.[3] The third can be in either Camp Fire or outside of Camp Fire USA. Each of the three Advocacies must involve leading, teaching, serving, and speaking out. The third area of work for a Camp Fire Wohelo Award is to know Camp Fire USA. Each youth is required to read the History of Camp Fire, tour the office in their council, or other approved method of understanding the services Camp Fire provides.[16]

In 2004, The Wohelo Award was expanded to Teens in Action members, allowing all high-school aged Camp Fire USA members to work toward Camp Fire’s highest achievement and honor.[14]

Native American influence

Native American culture has long been a source of inspiration in Camp Fire USA's traditional council activities. Native American culture has served as the inspiration for ceremonial activities and attire, camp and council names, respect for nature and the environment, and the use of symbols by many councils. For Camp Fire USA, Native American symbolism was a natural outgrowth of an appreciation for differences and cultural inclusiveness. The theory was that such symbolism enabled – and even encouraged – self-reflection and personal growth.

Names

Each Camp Fire member between third and sixth grade is encouraged to choose a name that best reflects their personality and aspirations.[29] At this time they are also encouraged to choose a symbol or "symbolgram". [30]Clubs are also encouraged to choose a Native American name.[31]

Ceremonial attire

The Camp Fire ceremonial gown is based on the pattern for the Native American women's gowns. Due to its simple pattern that can be becoming to all girls, it is an inexpensive design that all girls makes all girls equal, and it is easy to adjust as the owner grows older.[32]

Now a youth may choose any style of ceremonial attire, particularly if it honors the ethnic background to which the youth can trace his or her background or toward which he or she has an affinity. This attire can include tunics, kimonos, Scandinavian skirts/aprons, etc. The ceremonial attire is decorated with honor beads, earned emblems, and other personal items the youth chooses. Sometimes the youth's symbolgram is used on the gown/tunic. The symbolgram is a symbol created by the youth to represent him/herself. By 1946 the ceremonial gown was optional.[33]

Absolutely Incredible Kid Day

Started in 1997, AIKD is a national, annual letter-writing campaign in which adults write letters of love and support to the children in their lives. This event is held the third Thursday of March, to correspond to the founding date of Camp Fire.

In previous years, Absolutely Incredible Kid Day has garnered national recognition and acclaim, winning endorsements from child and family experts and advocates. Absolutely Incredible Kid Day has developed an incredible following, including athletes, entertainers and celebrities who have championed the cause by writing letters to America’s youth. In addition, more than half of the nation’s Fortune 100 companies have used Absolutely Incredible Kid Day to build morale by encouraging employees to reach out to a child, and more than 75 malls nationwide have supported the program by creating letter-writing booths and distributing information via merchants.[14]

Camp Fire today

Camp Fire USA is inclusive, open to all youth of any race, creed, religion, gender, national origin, economic status, and sexual orientation.[34]

Notable members

See also

Scouting portal

References

  1. ^ "Girls Take Up the Boy Scout Idea and Band Together". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=2&res=9F00E6DE1E3CE633A25754C1A9659C946396D6CF. Retrieved on 2009-01-29. 
  2. ^ Paris, Leslie. "Children's Nature". NYU Press. 51. http://books.google.com/books?id=RG2_CL0jF40C&pg=PA49&dq=%22Camp+Fire+Girls%22&lr=&ei=FXyCSbnKMJOMkATC_4j5BQ#PPA51,M1. 
  3. ^ a b "All About Us". Camp Fire USA. 2005. http://www.campfire.org/all_about_us/history.asp. Retrieved on 2009-01-29. 
  4. ^ "Moscow District Camp Fire Girls – Historical Background". University of Idaho. http://www.lib.uidaho.edu/special-collections/Manuscripts/mg064.htm. Retrieved on 2009-01-29. 
  5. ^ a b "Children's Nature". NYU Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=RG2_CL0jF40C&pg=PA49&dq=%22Camp+Fire+Girls%22&lr=#PPA50,M1. Retrieved on 2009-01-30. >
  6. ^ "Scout Like Organizations". http://www.troop97.net/scout_like.htm. Retrieved on 2009-01-29. 
  7. ^ McFarland, John Thomas. "Giving a world-wide View of the History and Progress of the Sunday School and the Development of Religious Education...". T. Nelson & Sons. pg 194. http://books.google.com/books?id=yLoMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA194&dq=%22Camp+Fire+Girls%22&lr. 
  8. ^ "The Book of Camp Fire Girls". George H. Doran Company. http://books.google.com/books?id=1bk2AAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Camp+Fire+Girls%22&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=oC7riNPvM6&sig=8YdG4-f80_BdZe5IZQjdMSGP6eE&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result#PPA4,M1. Retrieved on 2009-01-29. 
  9. ^ "The New International Year Book". Dodd, Mead and Company. http://books.google.com/books?id=G6YYAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA124&dq=%22Camp+Fire+Girls%22&lr. Retrieved on 2009-01-30. 
  10. ^ "Camp Fire Girls Issue". Smithsonian National Postal Museum. http://www.arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2035647. Retrieved on 2009-01-29. 
  11. ^ "Camp Fire Girls, Salt Creek Council". Northern Illinois University Library. http://www.ulib.niu.edu/reghist/RC%20274.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-01-29. 
  12. ^ Harley, Dudley Lee. "Time on Their Hands Wrenn". Ayer Publishing. pg 114. http://books.google.com/books?id=BXS8wltOfvkC&pg=PA114&dq=%22Camp+Fire+Girls%22&lr=. Retrieved on 2009-01-30. 
  13. ^ http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-CampFire.html/ Encyclopedia
  14. ^ a b c d e f g "Information Resource Book". Camp Fire USA. 21. http://compass.campfireusa.org/_FileLibrary/Library/F797/InformationResourceBook_March06.doc. Retrieved on 2009-01-29. 
  15. ^ "Camp Fire Girls Move". New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30B15F8395F117A93C5A8178DD85F438785F9&scp=1&sq=Camp+Fire&st=p. 
  16. ^ a b c d Beard, Alice Marie. "Historical Origins of Camp Fire". http://www.alicemariebeard.com/campfire/history.htm. Retrieved on 2009-01-29. 
  17. ^ "History". Camp Fire USA. http://www.campfireusaga.org/campfire/history.php. Retrieved on 2009-01-29. 
  18. ^ "Luther & Charlotte Gulick". The Extra Mile — Points of Light Volunteer Pathway. http://www.extramile.us/honorees/gulick.cfm. Retrieved on 2009-01-29. 
  19. ^ "Addresses and Proceedings — National Education Association of the United states". 320–321. http://books.google.com/books?id=RH0qAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA320&dq=%22Camp+Fire+Girls%22&ei=yHSCScaEHY_ekwTq1PCRBg#PPA320,M1. 
  20. ^ Rodgers, Ethel. "Sebago — Wohelo Camp Fire Girls". Good Health Publishing Company. 16–17. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=ML9GAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Camp+Fire+Girls%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=0ST3zYChZO&sig=dgo1sf_ZhE3am4otoAXY2x_AySk&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result#PPA17,M1. Retrieved on 2009-01-29. 
  21. ^ "Wo-He-Lo Camp Fire Girls". Cemeteries and Cemetery Symbols. http://cemeteries.wordpress.com/2007/01/16/wo-he-lo-camp-fire-girls. Retrieved on 2009-01-29. 
  22. ^ "Camp Fire USA Fact Sheet". Alpha Phi Omega. http://www.apo.org/site/site_files/campfire_fact_sheet.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-01-29. 
  23. ^ "NPO Spotlight – News". Philanthropy News Digest. http://foundationcenter.org/pnd/news/story.jhtml?id=166900021. Retrieved on 2009-01-29. 
  24. ^ "Teen FAQ". Camp Fire USA. http://www.campfire.org/teens/teens_FAQ.html. Retrieved on 2009-01-30. 
  25. ^ "Teens In Action". Camp Fire USA Patuxent Area Council. 5. http://montgomerycert.org/TeenCERT/TeenCERTcamp2007/Teen%20Cert%20Camp%20Applicaiton%20no%20allocation.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-01-30. 
  26. ^ Curtis, Henry Stoddard. "the Play Movement and Its Significance". pg 272. http://books.google.com/books?id=u6wZAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved on 2009-01-30. 
  27. ^ "About Us". Camp Fire USA Big River Council. http://www.campfirebr.org/aboutus.cfm. Retrieved on 2009-01-29. 
  28. ^ Beard, Alice Marie. "For One Camp Fire Bead". http://www.alicemariebeard.com/campfire/one-bead.htm. 
  29. ^ Forman-Brunell, Miriam. "Girlhood in America". ABC-CILO. pg 85 - 87. http://books.google.com/books?id=R9seZ-3JCqsC&pg=PA85&dq=%22Camp+Fire+Girls%22&ei=enGCSYHDIYXMkwSA4KC3Bg#PPA86,M1. Retrieved on 2009-01-29. 
  30. ^ Beard, Alice Marie. "Camp Fire Names and Symbolgrams". http://www.alicemariebeard.com/campfire/symbols/. Retrieved on 2009-01-30. 
  31. ^ Poast, Florence M. "Indian Names Facts & Games". Thomsen — Bryan — Ellis Company. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=2VtrAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Camp+Fire+Girls%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=7Q61oxdKha&sig=TVxkn32EmGgz3hv-sSBRf0gHHVc&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA2,M1. Retrieved on 2009-01-29. 
  32. ^ Gulick, Charlotte Emily Vetter Gulick. "The Shul U Tam NA of the Camp fire Girls". Camp Fire Outfitting Co. http://books.google.com/books?id=5odJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Camp+Fire+%22&lr=#PPA7,M1. Retrieved on 2009-01-31. 
  33. ^ "Camp Fire Girls — Ceremonial Gowns". Vintage Kids Stuff. http://www.vintagekidstuff.com/cfggown.htm. Retrieved on 2009-01-29. 
  34. ^ "Camp Fire USA Core Values". Camp Fire USA. http://www.campfire.org/all_about_us/core_values.asp Camp Fire USA. 
  35. ^ [http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/k/keiler-anderson.html?_r=2&scp=21&sq=Marian%20Anderson&st=cse New York Times Books, "Marian Anderson A Singer's Journey" By ALLAN KEILER (subscription access)]
  36. ^ "Lauren Graham on Bonnie Hunt Show". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6TS3FB1lZU. Retrieved on 2009-01-29. 

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