- For the park in Detroit, Michigan, see Campus Martius Park
Model of the ancient Campus Martius around 300 AD
The
Pantheon, a landmark of the Campus Martius since ancient Rome.
The Campus Martius (Latin for the "Field of Mars" where Roman heroes walked,
Italian Campo Marzio), was a publicly owned area of ancient Rome about 2 km² (600 acres) in extent. In the Middle Ages it was the most
populated area of Rome. The IV rione of Rome, Campo
Marzio, which covers a smaller section of the original area, bears the same name.
The Ancient Roman age
Before the founding of Rome, The Campus Martius was a low-lying plain enclosed on
the west by a bend of the Tiber River near Tiber Island, on
the east by the Quirinal Hill, and on the southeast by the Capitoline Hill.
According to one legend, the Campus Martius was once a field of wheat owned by Tarquinius Superbus, last King of Rome, but was burnt
during the revolution which established the Roman Republic.
In the first centuries after the city's founding, the area was still outside the Servian
Wall. The Campus was used for pasturing horses and sheep, and for military training activity of both the army and of private people who could use the training equipment the army had left. As such, it was dedicated
to Mars, the Roman god of war, with an ancient altar and became closely linked to
soldiers and the army. Initially, the field was often used by soldiers for purposes of training. Later, it was frequently the
focus of Triumphs, the celebrations of successful military campaigns.
Because at the time it was outside the city walls, the Campus Martius was a natural place for audience given to foreign
ambassadors who could not enter the city, and foreign cults were housed in temples erected there.
In 221 BC, the Circus Flaminius was built on the
southern side of the Campus Martius, near the Tiber. This large track for chariot racing was named after Gaius Flaminius Nepos, who also constructed the Via Flaminia.
Starting in the time of Sulla, building lots were sold or granted to
influential Romans, and insulae (apartment blocks) and villas encroached on the common land. It later became the place for comitia centuriata, civic
meetings with weapons, and for the city's militia. Pompey built
the first stone theater in Rome in the Campus Martius in 55 BC: this was the first real monument
in the area. When the Curia Hostilia burnt down in 52 BC the theater was sometimes used as
meeting place for the Senate. It was here that Julius Caesar was murdered in 44 BC. The
area was also used as the meeting ground for elections. Julius Caesar planned for the Saepta (enclosures used for elections) to be placed there; they were later completed by his heir
Augustus. In 33 BC Octavian dedicated the Porticus Octaviae, built from spoils of the Dalmatian War.
During the Augustan period of the early Roman Empire,
the area became officially part of the city: Rome was split up into 14
regions, and Campus Martius was divided into the VII Via Lata on the east and the IX Circus Flaminius nearer
to the river.
The Campus Martius also held the Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace), built by the Senate to mark the establishment of peace by Augustus. It was intended to symbolize the successful
completion of Augustus's efforts to stabilize the Empire.
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa had the original swampy ground made into a pool and
baths in a setting of parkland and temples, the Laconicum Sudatorium or Baths of
Agrippa, and he built the Porticus Argonautarum and, most notably, the Pantheon, which was later rebuilt by Hadrian as it still stands today. In 19
BC he additionally completed the Aqua Virgo to supply water to these new baths and
fountains.
In the non-populated northern area there was the huge Mausoleum of Augustus.
Other buildings were made: the Theater of Marcellus, the temple for
Isis (from around the time of Caligula), the baths and bridge by
Nero.
After the great fire of the 80, Domitianus rebuilt
the burnt monuments plus a stadium (eventually to become today's Piazza Navona) and an Odeion (a small performance hall).
Gradually, the Campus filled with temples and public buildings, circuses, theaters, porticoes, baths, monuments, columns and
obelisks. Interestingly, even though the area was originally named for Mars, there was no monument dedicated solely to him in the
later Roman period.
Although the region had been left outside the earlier walls, it was finally protected defensively when the Aurelian Walls were built around 270.
The Middle Ages
After the barbarian invasions cut the aqueducts, the rapidly dwindling population
abandoned the surrounding hills and concentrated in the Campus Martius, depending on the Tiber for water, but subject to its
flooding. Since it was next to the river and next to the Vatican, the area became the most
populated part of Rome in the Middle Ages. The river supported a thriving economy and a supply of water, and the continuous
stream of pilgrims to the city brought wealth to the area.
The main road connecting Rome to the rest of Europe was the Via
Cassia, entering Rome through the Porta del Popolo ("door of the
people") in the northern part of the Campus Martius. Via Cassia became the most important road in medieval times, because it
connected Rome with Viterbo, Siena and Florence.
The other main road to Rome, the Via Aurelia, became unsafe in medieval times with the
spread of malaria, because it passed through the unhealthy marshes near several coastal lakes in
the Maremma lowlands (as Orbetello lagoon, Capalbio lake and other Tombolos), and because its route by the sea made it
more dangerous to attack from raiders. The coastal towns around around via Aurelia were areas subjected to women kidnapping and
plunder made by muslim saracen pirates.
Because of the increasing importance of the area, several popes decided to improve the
conditions of the area. In the period 1513-1521 Pope Leo X built a route connecting Porta del Popolo to the
Vatican. This road was first called the Via Leonina after the pope, later the more famous Via di Ripetta after the
name of the river port. To improve the hygiene of the area, several ancient Roman aqueducts were restored to operating
condition.
As the population of Rome greatly increased in the Middle Ages, the Campus Martius became a crowded multi-cultural place where
many foreigners settled. In 1555, Pope Paul IV designated
part of the southern part of the Campus Martius as the ghetto to contain the city's Jewish
population.
Modern Rome
After the Renaissance, like all the rest of Rome, Campus Martius did not change much;
there were no other great building projects and the population decreased. This was reversed after Rome became capital of the
new-born Kingdom of Italy in 1870. After this, the area became even
more crowded, and protecting embankments were built to stop the flooding of the Tiber. This made the area much safer from threat
of water, but the tall embankments effectively destroyed the traditional embarkation point called the Ripetta ("little bank"), the narrow streets leading down to the river, and the vernacular buildings along the
river edge.
See also
- The Champ de Mars in Paris shared the name and military orientation of Campus
Martius.
- Detroit, Michigan's Campus Martius
Park is a downtown park inspired by Rome's Campus Martius.
External links
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