canola

The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with North America and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (August 2011)

Canola refers to a cultivar of either Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) or field mustard (Brassica campestris L. or Brassica Rapa var.). It is produced from a hybrid variety of rapeseed and is the center of some controversy^{[dubious – discuss]}, regarding whether it is suitable for humans and animal consumption.^[1] Some sources claim it is an edible oil suitable for consumption by humans^[2][3] and livestock.^[4] The oil is also suitable for use as biodiesel.

Originally, Canola was bred from rapeseed in Canada by Keith Downey and Baldur R. Stefansson in the early 1970s,^[5][6] but it has a very different nutritional profile in addition to much less erucic acid.^[7] The name "canola" was derived from "Canadian oil, low acid" in 1978.^[8][9] Genetically modified rapeseed is sometimes referred to as Rapeseed 00. A product known as LEAR (for low erucic acid rapeseed) derived from cross-breeding of multiple lines of Brassica juncea may also be referred to as canola oil and is considered safe for human consumption.^[10]

History

Close up of rapeseed blooms

Canola field in Temora, New South Wales

Canola was developed through conventional plant breeding from rapeseed, an oilseed plant already used in ancient civilization as a fuel. The word “rape” in rapeseed comes from the Latin word “rapum,” meaning turnip. Turnip, rutabaga, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, mustard, and many other vegetables are related to the two natural canola varieties commonly grown, which are cultivars of Brassica napus and Brassica rapa. The change in name serves to distinguish it from natural rapeseed oil, which has much higher erucic acid content.

Hundreds of years ago, rapeseed oil was used as a fuel in lamps in Asia and Europe. The Chinese and Indians used a form of rapeseed oil that was unrefined (natural).^[11] Its use was limited until the development of steam power, when machinists found rapeseed oil clung to water- or steam-washed metal surfaces better than other lubricants. World War II saw high demand for the oil as a lubricant for the rapidly increasing number of steam engines in naval and merchant ships. When the war blocked European and Asian sources of rapeseed oil, a critical shortage developed and Canada began to expand its limited rapeseed production.

After the war, demand declined sharply and farmers began to look for other uses for the plant and its products. Rapeseed oil extracts were first put on the market in 1956–1957 as food products, but these suffered from several unacceptable characteristics. Rapeseed oil had a distinctive taste and a disagreeable greenish colour due to the presence of chlorophyll. It also contained a high concentration of erucic acid. Experiments on animals have pointed to the possibility that erucic acid, consumed in large quantities, may cause heart damage, although Indian researchers have published findings that call into question these conclusions and the implication that the consumption of mustard or rapeseed oil is dangerous.^{[12][13][14][15][16]} Feed meal from the rapeseed plant also was not particularly appealing to livestock, due to high levels of sharp-tasting compounds called glucosinolates, and they would not eat it.

A variety developed in 1998 is considered to be the most disease- and drought-resistant Canola variety of rapeseed to date. This and other recent varieties have been produced by using genetic engineering. Currently, 82% of the rapeseed crops planted in Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan are GM (genetically modified) herbicide-tolerant canola varieties.^[17]

Canola was originally a trademark, but is now a generic term for edible varieties of rapeseed oil. In Canada, an official definition of canola is codified in Canadian law.^[18]

Production and trade

Rapeseed was once considered a specialty crop in Canada, but Canola now has become a major American cash crop. Canada and the United States produce between 7 and 10 million tonnes of canola seed per year. Annual Canadian exports total 3 to 4 million tonnes of the seed, 800,000 tonnes of canola oil and 1 million tonnes of canola meal. GM canola may not be grown in any of the countries banning GMOs and some of those even ban importation of the end products. Within the United States, 90% of the canola crop is grown in North Dakota.^[19]

Rapeseed is the highest-producing oil-seed crop in the USA. An Oregon State University researcher has determined that growing winter rapeseed for hybrid Canola seed appears possible in central Oregon, USA, but the state prohibits it from being grown in Deschutes, Jefferson, and Crook counties because it may attract bees away from specialty seed crops such as carrots, which require bees for pollination. The rapeseed blossom is a major source of nectar for honeybees.

The major customers of canola seed are Japan, Mexico, China, and Pakistan, while the bulk of canola oil and meal goes to the United States, with smaller amounts shipped to Mexico, China, and Europe. World production of rapeseed oil in the 2002–2003 season was about 14 million metric tons.^[20] In the 2010–2011 season, world production is estimated to be at 58.4 million tonnes.^[21] The United States is a net consumer of canola oil, having used 3 billion pounds in 2010, 2.5 billion of which was imported from Canada.^[19]

The main price discovery mechanism for worldwide canola trade is the ICE Futures Canada (formerly Winnipeg Commodity Exchange) canola futures contract. Rapeseed is traded on the Euronext exchange.

Canola oil

Bottle of canola cooking oil

Canola oil is made at a processing facility by slightly heating and then crushing the seed. Almost all commercial grade canola oil is then refined using hexane. Finally, the crude oil is refined using water precipitation and organic acid, "bleaching" with clay, and deodorizing using steam distillation.^[22] Approximately 43% of a seed is oil.^[23] What remains is a rapeseed meal that is tolerated by livestock and has become a high quality animal feed. 22.68 kilograms (50 pounds) of rapeseed makes approximately 10 liters (2.64 US gallons) of canola oil. Canola oil is a key ingredient in many foods. Its reputation as a healthy oil has created high demand in markets around the world.

The oil has many non-food uses, and often replaces non-renewable resources in products including industrial lubricants, biofuels, candles, lipsticks, and newspaper inks.

The average density of canola oil is 0.92 g/ml.^[24]

Health benefits

Canola oil is low in saturated fat (less than 7%),^[23] is high in monounsaturated fat, and has a beneficial omega-3 fatty acid profile (which has well established heart health benefits)^[28] and is recognized by many health professional organizations including the American Dietetic Association, and American Heart Association.^{[29][30][31][32]} Canola oil has been given a qualified health claim from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration^[33] based on the theory that the absence of saturated fats (consumption of which may cause coronary heart disease) in the oil content makes it a healthy food.

Erucic acid issues

Although wild rapeseed oil contains significant amounts of erucic acid,^[34] a known toxin,^[35] the cultivar used to produce commercial, food-grade canola oil was bred to contain less than 2% erucic acid, levels that are not believed to cause harm in humans^[36][37] and no health effects have been associated with consumption by humans of the genetically modified oil.^[35] Although rumors that canola oil can cause dangerous health problems circulated,^[38][39] there is no reason to believe canola oil poses unusual health risks and its consumption in food-grade forms is generally recognized as safe by the United States Food and Drug Administration.^[3][36]

Biodiesel

Because of the lower levels of the toxic and irritating properties of genetically modified rapeseed oil, Canola oil is a more promising source for manufacturing biodiesel than the natural oil as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels.

Genetic modification issues

Canola field in Saskatchewan

A genetically engineered rapeseed that is tolerant to herbicide was first introduced to Canada in 1995. Today 80% of the acres sown are genetically modified canola.^[17] A 2010 study conducted in North Dakota found herbicide resistant transgenes in 80% of wild natural rapeseed plants. The escape of the genetically modified plants has raised concerns that the build-up of herbicide resistance in feral canola and related weeds could make it more difficult to manage these plants using herbicides.^[40]

Legal issues

Genetically modified rapeseed, canola, has become a point of controversy and contentious legal battles. In one high-profile case (Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser) the Monsanto Company sued Percy Schmeiser for patent infringement after his field was contaminated with Monsanto's patented Roundup Ready glyphosate-tolerant canola. The Supreme Court ruled that Percy was in violation of Monsanto's patent because he knew Monsanto's variety was growing on his land, but he was not required to pay Monsanto damages since he did not benefit financially from its presence.^[41] On March 19, 2008, Schmeiser and Monsanto Canada Inc. came to an out-of-court settlement whereby Monsanto would pay for the clean-up costs of the contamination, which came to a total of $660 Canadian.^[42]

The introduction of the genetically modified crop to Australia is generating considerable controversy.^[43] Canola is Australia's third biggest crop, and is used often by wheat farmers as a break crop to improve soil quality. As of 2008 the only genetically modified crops in Australia were non-food crops: carnations and cotton. In 2003, Australia's gene technology regulator approved the release of canola altered to make it resistant to Glufosinate ammonium, a herbicide.^[44]

See also

Food portal

• Rapeseed
• Triangle of U

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Canola

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Brassica campestris

• Review of University of Alberta Canola Breeding Program
• Swathing and Harvesting Canola
• Canola Production
• North Dakota State University picture comparing canola oil fatty acid content with other oils.
• USDA-ERS Briefing Room - Canola Summary of canola production, trade, and consumption as well as links to relevant USDA reports.