Re: organic farming and pest control(taken from some ancient agri books&website)

some thing i used for pest disease control which was written in some of the blogs of Mrs Farzana (Pakistan). "There are numerous fruit and vegetable crops with properties that with proper attention I can use to control insects and diseases.

The plants that I have listed below have pesticide properties in their seeds, leaves, stalks, unripe fruit, bulbs rhizomes etc., and act by different modes of action. Each one controls different pests including: aphids, caterpillars, green bugs, fruit flies, leaf minors, red spiders, ants, slugs, house flies, mites, white flies, bacteria, scab, bowl-worm, thrips, anthracnose, hoppers, scales, termites, thrips, mosaic virus, powder mildew etc.

The useful part of a plant can easily be collected and used as a natural pesticide on a crop and can of course be established on a small scale in rural areas near farms. Fruit and vegetables with natural pesticide properties include: custard apple (Annona reticulata), basil (Sweet Basil) and Holy Basil, chillies (Capsicum frutes), (Fam. Sollanacea), garlic (Allium Sativum) (F. Lilacae), ginger (Zingber officiate) (FM. Zingiberatase), neem, papaya (Carcia papaya), tobacco (Nictana tabacum, Nicotana, Rustica) and nicotana glutnosa (Fam. Ziberacease).

Plants that control Insects:

Pest control plants should possess the following characteristics:

Be effective at the rate of a maximum of 3-5% plant material based on dry weight

Be easy to grow, require little space and time for cultivation and procurement

Be perennial, recover quickly after the material is harvested

Not become weed or a host to plant pathogen or insect pest

Possess complementary economic uses

Pose no hazard to non-target organisms, wild life, humans or environment

Be easy to harvest preparation should be simple, not too time consuming or requiring excessive technical input

Application should not be phytotoxic or decrease the quality of crop, e.g. taste or texture

Below is a list of useful agricultural species, their pesticide properties and the method of preparation:

Soursop Custard apple (Annona reticulata)

Plant parts with insect controlling properties: seeds, leaves, unripe fruit

Mode of action: Contact and stomach problem, ovicidal, insecticidal, repellent, antifeedent and antinematode.

Target pests: aphid, caterpillars, green bug and Mediterranean fruit fly.

Preparation: 500 grams of custard apple leaves, boil in 2 ½ litres of water, until only 1/4 of the original is left, then dilute this mixture into 15-20 litres of water. This is good enough for one hectare.

Basil Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilium), Holy Basil (Ocimum Sanctum)

Plant parts with insect controlling properties: leaves and stem

Mode of action: repellent, insecticidal, fungitoxic and molluscicidol.

Target pests: fruit fly, leaf miners, red spider and mites.

Preparation: 100g basil leaves dipped in to 1 litre of water. This should be soaked overnight in water. Filter the mixture and add 1ml of liquid soap, stir properly. Dilute into 10-15 litres of water.

Chillies

Plant parts with insect controlling properties: fruit

Mode of action: stomach position insecticidal, repellent, antifeedent, fumigant-viroid.

Target pests: ants, aphid, caterpillars and slugs.

Preparation: 500g of chillies, dip into 3 litres of water for 10-15 minutes. Add 30g of soap as sticker. Add 3 more litres of water, filter and then spray the plants. One can add tobacco, garlic, onion, citrus, alcohol, neem and lime.

Garlic Allium Sativum (Fam. Lilaceqe)

Plant parts with insect controlling properties: bulbs

Mode of action: insecticidal, repellent, antifeedent, fungicidalnematocidal and is effective against ticks.

Target pest: aphids, house flies, mites, white fly, bacteria, cucumber and scab.

Preparation: 3 bulbs of garlic, ground finely, add some kerosene, keep for 2 days. Add 1 table-spoon of soap powder, stir and filter and add 15-20 litres of water.

Ginger Zingiber officiale (Fam. Zingiberacae)

Plant parts with insect controlling properties: rhizome

Mode of action: repellent, insecticidal, nematocidal and fungicidal.

Target pests: American bowl worms, aphid, thrips, white fly, and mango anthracnose.

Preparation: 500g of crushed garlic add 10ml of kerosene oil kept overnight. Next day remove outer skin of ginger and make ginger paste. In another vessel add 100g green chillies, mixed with 50ml of water and add 30g of liquid soap as emulsifier. Solution is stirred and filtered and 10-15 ml of water added.

Neem.

Plant parts with insect controlling properties: seeds and leaves

Mode of action: insecticidal, repellent, antifeedant acaricidal, growth inhibiting nematocidal, fungicidal, anti-viral. Neem compounds act mainly as stomach poison and systemic.

Target pests: American boll-worms, ants, deserts, locust, leaf hoppers, leaf miners, mites, scales, termites, thrips, white fly.

Preparation: 1 kg of neem leaves dipped into 2 litres of water and left overnight. Boil it 15-20 minutes until 1/4 is left. Dilute with 10-15ml of water.

Papaya Carcia papaya

Plant parts with insect controlling properties: leaves, seed, unripe fruit

Mode of action: flower thrips and fruit fly.

Target pests: mosaic virus and powdery mildew.

Preparation: 1 kg of finely shredded leaves, placed in 1 litre of water and squeezed through a cloth. Take 1 litre of soap solution, dilute it in 10-15 ml water.

Tobacco Nicotana tabacum, Nicotana Rustica, Nicotana glutnosa, and Fam. Solanaceae

Plant parts with insect controlling properties: leaves and stalk

Mode of action: insecticida, repellent, fungicidal, acaricidal contact, and stomach.

Target pests: aphids, caterpillars, leaf miners, mites and thrips.

Preparation: boil 4 litres of water, add ½ kg of tobacco leaves and 1 table spoon of lime. Dilute it with 10-15 litres of water.

Tumeric Curcum domstica (Fam. Zigiberaceoe)

Plant parts with insect controlling propertie: rhizome

Mode of action: repellent, insecticidal and antifungal.

Target pests: aphids, caterpillars, mites and rice leaf hoppers.

Preparation: 500g of turmeric rhizomes chopped and soaked overnight, dilute into 2 litres of water and again dilute into another 10-15ml of water.

The Rationale

The purpose of introducing pesticide free fruits and vegetables is to increase the support and significance of natural crop protection and sustainable organic agriculture. It provides links with approaches and methodologies that allow growers to put basic information into practice. Ultimately this will provide farmers with the experience and confidence needed to make the best use of the resource available to them and to use this knowledge to farm sustainably.

Commercial scale applications

The plant species listed in this article are grown in Asia in abundance but have never been tried on a commercial scale. Even neem that is known to control numerous insects, pests, fungi, nematodes and viral diseases is still used and processed in a very primitive manner. A solution has to be found for its commercial scale applications and extraction of pesticide properties of plants on a much larger scale.

Information deficiency

There is demand world over for pesticide free food, but the information on the various natural pesticides is lacking and therefore, these methods are little used in India ,Pakistan and other developing countries. This is partly due to the fact that processing techniques have not been fully understood. The process of extraction is known theoretically, but large scale production has not yet made any headway, although there is great scope for export opportunities.

Nurturing success

In order to produce fruit and vegetables using sustainable locally produced inputs we need to identify constraints of crop production. We also need to develop an appropriate training course on Integrated Pest Management for the target smallholders farming system. Ultimately this strategy will help to boost farmers economy through the increased export of high value 'non toxic' food produce.Small farmers will benifited by this method.

Mrs.Farzana Panhwar in Pakistan has used this all and also i followed this method nicely in Uganda.This credit goes to Mrs .Farzana who inspired me and i have succesessfuly used this all natural pesticides. Email: overall.organic@gmail.com

YAHOO: bbkewalrams

Website: http://www.mayanafarms.com

Re: organic farming and pest control(taken from some ancient agri books&website)

some thing i used for pest disease control wich was written some of the blogs of Mrs Farzana (Pakistan)."There are numerous fruit and vegetable crops with properties that with proper attention I can use to control insects and diseases.

The plants that I have listed below have pesticide properties in their seeds, leaves, stalks, un-ripe fruit, bulbs rhizomes etc., and act by different modes of action. Each one controls different pests including: aphids, caterpillars, green bugs, fruit flies, leaf minors, red spiders, ants, slugs, house flies, mites, white flies, bacteria, scab, bowl-worm, thrips, anthracnose, hoppers, scales, termites, thrips, mosaic virus, powder mildew etc.

The useful part of a plant can easily be collected and used as a natural pesticide on a crop and can of course be established on a small scale in rural areas near farms. Fruit and vegetables with natural pesticide properties include: custard apple (Annona reticulata), basil (Sweet Basil) and Holy Basil, chillies (Capsicum frutes), (Fam. Sollanacea), garlic (Allium Sativum) (F. Lilacae), ginger (Zingber officiate) (FM. Zingiberatase), neem, papaya (Carcia papaya), tobacco (Nictana tabacum, Nicotana, Rustica) and nicotana glutnosa (Fam. Ziberacease).

Insect-controlling plants

Pest control plants should posses the following characteristics:

Be effective at the rate of a maximum of 3-5% plant material based on dry weight

Be easy to grow, require little space and time for cultivation and procurement

Be perennial, recover quickly after the material is harvested

Not become weed or a host to plant pathogen or insect pest

Possess complementary economic uses

Pose no hazard to non-target organisms, wild life, humans or environment

Be easy to harvest preparation should be simple, not too time consuming or requiring excessive technical input

Application should not be phyto-toxic or decrease the quality of crop, e.g. taste or texture

Below is a list of useful agricultural species, their pesticide properties and the method of preparation:

Soursop Custard apple (Annona reticulata)

Plant parts with insect controlling properties: seeds, leaves, unripe fruit

Mode of action: Contact and stomach problem, ovicidal, insecticidal, repellent, antifeedent and antinematode.

Target pests: aphid, caterpillars, green bug and Mediterranean fruit fly.

Preparation: 500 grams of custard apple leaves, boil in 2 ½ litres of water, until only 1/4 of the original is left, then dilute this mixture into 15-20 litres of water. This is good enough for one hectare.

Basil Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilium), Holy Basil (Ocimum Sanctum)

Plant parts with insect controlling properties: leaves and stem

Mode of action: repellent, insecticidal, fungitoxic and mollu scicidol.

Target pests: fruit fly, leaf miners, red spider and mites.

Preparation: 100g basil leaves dipped in to 1 litre of water. This should be soaked overnight in water. Filter the mixture and add 1ml of liquid soap, stir properly. Dilute into 10-15 litres of water.

Chillies

Plant parts with insect controlling properties: fruit

Mode of action: stomach position insecticidal, repellent, antifeedent, fumigant-viroid.

Target pests: ants, aphid, caterpillars and slugs.

Preparation: 500g of chillies, dip into 3 litres of water for 10-15 minutes. Add 30g of soap as sticker. Add 3 more litres of water, filter and then spray the plants. One can add tobacco, garlic, onion, citrus, alcohol, neem and lime.

Garlic Allium Sativum (Fam. Lilaceqe)

Plant parts with insect controlling properties: bulbs

Mode of action: insecticidal, repellent, antifeedent, fungicidalnematocidal and is effective against ticks.

Target pest: aphids, house flies, mites, white fly, bacteria, cucumber and scab.

Preparation: 3 bulbs of garlic, ground finely, add some kerosene, keep for 2 days. Add 1 table-spoon of soap powder, stir and filter and add 15-20 litres of water.

Ginger Zingiber officiale (Fam. Zingiberacae)

Plant parts with insect controlling properties: rhizome

Mode of action: repellent, insecticidal, nematocidal and fungicidal.

Target pests: American bowl worms, aphid, thrips, white fly, and mango anthracnose.

Preparation: 500g of crushed garlic add 10ml of kerosene oil kept overnight. Next day remove outer skin of ginger and make ginger paste. In another vessel add 100g green chillies, mixed with 50ml of water and add 30g of liquid soap as emulsifier. Solution is stirred and filtered and 10-15 ml of water added.

Neem.

Plant parts with insect controlling properties: seeds and leaves

Mode of action: insecticidal, repellent, antifeedant acaricidal, growth inhibiting nematocidal, fungicidal, anti-viral. Neem compounds act mainly as stomach poison and systemic.

Target pests: American boll-worms, ants, deserts, locust, leaf hoppers, leaf miners, mites, scales, termites, thrips, white fly.

Preparation: 1 kg of neem leaves dipped into 2 litres of water and left overnight. Boil it 15-20 minutes until 1/4 is left. Dilute with 10-15ml of water.

Papaya Carcia papaya

Plant parts with insect controlling properties: leaves, seed, unripe fruit

Mode of action: flower thrips and fruit fly.

Target pests: mosaic virus and powdery mildew.

Preparation: 1 kg of finely shredded leaves, placed in 1 litre of water and squeezed through a cloth. Take 1 litre of soap solution, dilute it in 10-15 ml water.

Tobacco Nicotana tabacum, Nicotana Rustica, Nicotana glutnosa, and Fam. Solanaceae

Plant parts with insect controlling properties: leaves and stalk

Mode of action: insecticida, repellent, fungicidal, acaricidal contact, and stomach.

Target pests: aphids, caterpillars, leaf miners, mites and thrips.

Preparation: boil 4 litres of water, add ½ kg of tobacco leaves and 1 table spoon of lime. Dilute it with 10-15 litres of water.

Tumeric Curcum domstica (Fam. Zigiberaceoe)

Plant parts with insect controlling propertie: rhizome

Mode of action: repellent, insecticidal and antifungal.

Target pests: aphids, caterpillars, mites and rice leaf hoppers.

Preparation: 500g of turmeric rhizomes chopped and soaked overnight, dilute into 2 litres of water and again dilute into another 10-15ml of water.

The Rationale

The purpose of introducing pesticide free fruits and vegetables is to increase the support and significance of natural crop protection and sustainable organic agriculture. It provides links with approaches and methodologies that allow growers to put basic information into practice. Ultimately this will provide farmers with the experience and confidence needed to make the best use of the resource available to them and to use this knowledge to farm sustainably.

Commercial scale applications

The plant species listed in this article are grown in Asia in abundance but have never been tried on a commercial scale. Even neem that is known to control numerous insects, pests, fungi, nematodes and viral diseases is still used and processed in a very primitive manner. A solution has to be found for its commercial scale applications and extraction of pesticide properties of plants on a much larger scale.

Information deficiency

There is demand world over for pesticide free food, but the information on the various natural pesticides is lacking and therefore, these methods are little used in India ,Pakistan and other developing countries. This is partly due to the fact that processing techniques have not been fully understood. The process of extraction is known theoretically, but large scale production has not yet made any headway, although there is great scope for export opportunities.

Nurturing success

In order to produce fruit and vegetables using sustainable locally produced inputs we need to identify constraints of crop production. We also need to develop an appropriate training course on Integrated Pest Management for the target smallholders farming system. Ultimately this strategy will help to boost farmers economy through the increased export of high value 'non toxic' food produce.Small farmers will benifited by this method.

Mrs.Farzana Panhwar in Pakistan has used this all and also i followed this method nicely in Uganda.This credit goes to Mrs .Farzana who inspired me and i have succesessfuly used this all natural pesticides. Email: overall.organic@gmail.com

YAHOO: bbkewalrams

Website: http://www.mayanafarms.com

Manuel Roxas-

In 1948, Roxas declared amnesty for those arrested for collaborating with the Japanese during World War II, except for those who had committed violent crimes.

Elpidio Quirino -

His six years as president were marked by notable postwar reconstruction, general economic gains, and increased economic aid from the United States. Basic social problems, however, particularly in the rural areas, remained unsolved, and his administration was tainted by widespread graft and corruption.

Ramon Magsaysay -

As president, he was a close friend and supporter of the United States and a vocal spokesman against communism during the Cold War. He led the foundation of theSoutheast Asia Treaty Organization also known as the Manila Pact of 1954, that aimed to defend South East Asia, South Asia and the Southwestern Pacific from communism. He was also known for his integrity and strength of character.

During his term, he made Malacañáng Palace literally a "house of the people", opening its gates to the public.

Carlos Garcia -

During his administration, he acted on the Bohlen-Serrano Agreement which shortened the lease of the US Bases from 99 years to 25 years and made it renewable after every five years. He also exercised the Filipino First Policy, for which he was known. This policy heavily favored Filipino businessmen over foreign investors. He was also responsible for changes in retail trade which greatly affected the Chinese businessmen in the country.

Diosdado Macapagal -

During his presidency, the Philippines enjoyed prosperity and was the second mostdeveloped country in the Asian region, next only to Japan and ahead of the future tiger economies of Asia such as Singapore, Taiwan, and Korea. Allowed the Philippine peso to float on the free currency exchange market. abolition of tenancy and accompanying land reform program in the Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963 which underscored his endeavor to fight mass poverty.

Ferdinand Marcos -

During his first term he had made progress in agriculture, industry, and education. Yet his administration was troubled by increasing student demonstrations and violent urban-guerrilla activities. Initially, he had a good record as president and the Filipinosexpected him to be one of the best. However, conditions changed in later years and his popularity with the people started diminishing. Proclaimed Martial Law.

Corazon Aquino -

Despite the euphoria following the overthrow of the Marcos government, Aquino faced the massive challenge of restoring the nation. She established a revolutionary government under the terms of a provisional "Freedom Constitution", legally establishing the structure of the government pending the adoption of a permanent, democratically-drafted constitution.

Fidel Ramos -

The first few years of his administration (1992-1995) were characterized by economic boom, technological development, political stability and efficient delivery of basic needs to the people.

During his administration, Ramos began implementing economic reforms intended to open up the once-closed national economy, encourage private enterprise, invite more foreign and domestic investment, and reduce corruption.

Joseph Estrada -

Idolized by the poor, he campaigned on a combination of policies that are both market-friendly and designed to reduce widespread poverty in a population of 70 million.

Gloria Arroyo -

Arroyo, a practicing economist, has made the economy the focus of her presidency. Early in her presidency, Arroyo implemented a controversial policy of holiday economics, adjusting holidays to form longer weekends with the purpose of boosting domestic tourism and allowing Filipinos more time with their families