Most carbonate minerals are either calcium carbonate (limestone) or a mixture of calcium carbonate with magnesium carbonate (dolomite). However other metals can also combine with carbonate to produce much rarer carbonate minerals.

Examples of carbonate minerals would be calcite, dolomite, and aragonite. These are widely distributed in the Earth's crust. Less common carbonate minerals include siderite, rhodochrosite, strontianite, smithsonite, witherite, and cerussite. Minerals that are considered to be carbonates contain the carbonate ion, CO32−

Yes. Dolomite is calcium magnesium carbonate.

The acid will react with the carbonate minerals, releasing CO2 gas, the minerals will "fizz".

The class of minerals called carbonates contain carbon and oxygen.

One of the most common carbonate minerals is calcium carbonate, commonly called calcite.