carnivore

 

(kär'nəvôr') , term commonly applied to any animal whose diet consists wholly or largely of animal matter. In animal systematics it refers to members of the mammalian order Carnivora (see Chordata). This large order is divided into two suborders, the Fissipedia, or land carnivores, and the Pinnipedia, or fin-footed carnivores. The Fissipedia encompasses two superfamilies: one (Canoidea) includes the dog, bear, raccoon, and weasel families and the other (Feloidea) includes the cat, civet, and hyena families. The Pinnipedia, often classified as a separate order, includes the seal, sea lion, and walrus families. The term herbivore refers to animals whose diets consist wholly or largely of plant matter; omnivore refers to animals that eat both animal and plant matter. Unlike the term carnivore, these terms do not refer to any one group in animal systematics.

Bibliography

See R. F. Ewer, The Carnivores (1986); J. L. Gittleman, Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution (1989).

A carnivore (IPA: /ˈkɑrnɪvɔər/), meaning 'meat eater' (Latin carne meaning 'flesh' and vorare meaning 'to devour'), is an animal with a diet consisting mainly of meat, whether it comes from animals living or dead (scavenging). Some animals are considered carnivores even if their diets contain very little meat but involve preying on other animals (e.g., predatory arthropods such as spiders or mantids that may rarely consume small vertebrate prey). Animals that subsist on a diet consisting only of meat are referred to as obligate carnivores. Plants that capture and digest insects are called carnivorous plants. Similarly fungi that capture microscopic animals are often called carnivorous fungi. The designation "hypercarnivore" is used in paleobiology to describe taxa of animals which have an increased slicing component of their dentition relative to the grinding component.^[1]

Classification

Carnivores that eat insects and similar invertebrates primarily or exclusively are called insectivores, while those that eat fish primarily or exclusively are called piscivores. Carnivory that entails the consumption of members of an organism's own species is referred to as cannibalism. This includes sexual cannibalism and cannibalistic infanticide.

The word "carnivore" sometimes refers to the mammals of the Order Carnivora, but this can be misleading. Although many Carnivora fit the first definition of being exclusively meat eaters, not all do. For example, bears are members of Carnivora that are not carnivores in the dietary sense.

Outside of the animal kingdom, there are several genera containing carnivorous plants and several phyla containing carnivorous fungi. The former are predominantly insectivores, while the latter prey mostly on microscopic invertebrates such as nematodes, amoeba and springtails.

Prehistoric mammals of the crown-clade Carnivoramorpha (Carnivora and Miacoidea without Creodonta), along with the early Order Creodonta, and some mammals of the even early Order Cimolesta, were true carnivores. The earliest carnivorous mammal is considered to be the Cimolestes that existed during the Late Cretaceous and Tertiary Periods in North America about 65 million years ago. Most species of Cimolestes were mouse to rat-sized, but the Late Cretaceous Cimolestes magnus reached the size of a marmot, making it one of the largest Mesozoic mammals known (20-60g). The cheek teeth combined the functions of piercing, shearing and grinding, and the molars of Palaeoryctes had extremely high and acute cusps that had little function other than piercing. The dentition of Cimolestes foreshadows the same cutting structures seen in all later carnivores. While the earlier smaller species were insectivores, the later marmot-sized Cimolestes magnus probably took larger prey and were definitely a carnivore to some degree. The cheek teeth of Hyracolestes ermineus (an ermine-like shrew - 40g) and Sarcodon pygmaeus ("pygmy flesh tooth" - 75g), were common in the Latest Paleocene of Mongolia and China and occupied the small predator niche. The cheek teeth show the same characteristic notches that serve in today's carnivores to hold flesh in place to shear apart with cutting ridges. The theropod dinosaurs such as Tyrannosaurus rex that existed during the late Cretaceous, although not mammals, were "obligate carnivores".

Obligate carnivores

An obligate or true carnivore is an animal that subsists on a diet consisting only of meat. They may consume other products presented to them, especially animal products like cheese and bone marrow or sweet sugary substances like honey and syrup, but, as these items are not essential, they do not consume these on a regular basis. True carnivores lack the physiology required for the efficient digestion of vegetable matter, and, in fact, some carnivorous mammals eat vegetation specifically as an emetic.

Characteristics of carnivores

Characteristics commonly 'associated' with carnivores include organs for capturing and disarticulating prey (teeth and claws serve these functions in many vertebrates) and status as a hunter. In truth, these assumptions may be misleading, as some carnivores do not hunt and are scavengers (though most hunting carnivores will scavenge when the opportunity exists). Thus they do not have the characteristics associated with hunting carnivores. Carnivores have comparatively short digestive systems as they are not required to break down tough cellulose found in plants.

Plant material

In most cases, some plant material is essential for adequate nutrition, particularly with regard to minerals, vitamins and fiber. Most wild carnivores consume this in the digestive system of their prey. Many carnivores also eat herbivore dung, presumably to obtain essential nutrients that they could not otherwise obtain, since their dentition and digestive system do not permit efficient processing of vegetable matter.

As human food

Large predatory land carnivores are rarely used for human food^{[citation needed]}. There may also be concerns of higher levels of heavy metals compared to meat from herbivores^{[citation needed]}.

Carnivores are forbidden to be eaten according to Jewish and Islamic dietary laws.

List of carnivores

• Felines, ranging from domestic cats to lions, tigers, and other large predators.
• Canines, such the Gray Wolf, Red Wolf, Red Fox and coyote. Domestic dogs are broadly considered carnivorous. The Smithsonian Institute has listed them as carnivores, because of their dental makeup and digestive tract.^{[citation needed]}.
• Hyenas
• Some mustelids, including ferrets
• Polar Bears
• Pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, walruses, etc.)
• Dolphins
• Toothed whales
• Carnivorous Marsupials, such as the Tasmanian Devil
• Birds of prey, including hawks, eagles, falcons and owls
• Scavenger birds, like vultures
• Several species of waterfowl including gulls, penguins, pelicans, storks, and herons
• Anurans (frogs and toads)
• Snakes
• Some lizards, such as the Gila Monster
• Crocodilians
• Sharks and many other species of fish
• Octopuses and squid
• Spiders, scorpions, and many other arachnids
• Mantids, Giant water bugs, and many other insects
• Cnidarians

See also

• Carnivorous plant
• Carnivorous fungus
• Insectivore
• Piscivore
• Cannibalism (zoology)
• Carnivorism

Compare and contrast

• Herbivore
• Omnivore
• List of vores
• Vegetarianism

Inter-species biological interactions in ecology
Amensalism · Commensalism · Mutualism · Neutralism · Synnecrosis · Predation (Carnivory • Herbivory • Parasitism • Parasitoidism • Cheating) · Symbiosis · Competition

References

nrm:Mangeux d'viande

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