When present in sufficient amounts, carnosine can act as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are the free radical sources responsible for damaging surrounding cell membranes, fats, and fat-soluble vitamins and nutrients. Carnosine can act as an excellent antioxidant, and help to protect our tissues from this oxidative damage that leads to the physical signs of aging. For more information on free radicals and antioxidants, please click here. When our tissue is starved for oxygen, like when blood flow is interrupted during a stroke or heart attack, it is weakened but can actually survive for a reasonable period of time. In fact, much of the damage done during stroke or heart attack is when the blood flow returns in a process called reperfusion. During this time, the tissue is exposed to a huge number of ROS as oxygen floods back in. Carnosine can help to protect the tissues during this time and reduce the permanent damage caused by heart attack or stroke. One study found that carnosine can actually protect cells at the DNA level against recurring damage by ROS, such as those caused in long-term smokers. Thus, carnosine may help to protect the body, and reduce some of the damage caused by smoking.