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Caryophyllales

 
Sci-Tech Dictionary: Caryophyllales
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(¦kar·ē·ō·fə′lā·lēz)

(botany) An order of dicotyledonous plants in the subclass Caryophyllidae characterized by free-central or basal placentation.

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Sci-Tech Encyclopedia: Caryophyllales
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An order of flowering plants, division Magnoliophyta (Angiospermae), in the core eudicots. The order consists of 26 families and about 12,500 species. The order has been expanded from the traditional concept of 12 families (core Caryophyllales), which are characterized by P-type sieve-tube plastids, the presence of betalains (except in Caryophyllaceae) instead of anthocyanins, and frequent occurrence of succulent habit. The four largest families of core Caryophyllales are Aizoaceae (about 2500 species), Amaranthaceae (about 2300 species), Cactaceae (about 2000 species), and Caryophyllaceae (about 2000 species). The expanded order is more difficult to define on the basis of morphology, but anomalous secondary growth, multicellular glands (trichomes), ellagic acid, and naphthaquinones occur frequently. Many representatives grow in marginal environments such as saltmarshes and deserts.

Polygonaceae (about 1000 species) are among the additional families in the expanded order, many of the others being small, little-known groups. See also Magnoliophyta; Plant kingdom.

WordNet: Caryophyllales
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Note: click on a word meaning below to see its connections and related words.

The noun has one meaning:

Meaning #1: corresponds approximately to the older group Centrospermae
  Synonyms: order Caryophyllales, Chenopodiales, order-Chenopodiales

Wikipedia: Caryophyllales
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Caryophyllales

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
(unranked): Core eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Perleb
Suborders

Caryophyllineae
Polygonineae
Synonyms

Centrospermae

Caryophyllales is an order of flowering plants that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, beets/chard/buckwheat/rhubarb, ice plants, tamarisks and most carnivorous plants. Many members are succulent, having fleshy stems or leaves.

Contents

Description

The Caryophyllales includes about 6% of dicot species.[1] This order is part of the core eudicots.[2] Currently, the Caryophyllales contains 33 families, 692 genera and 11,155 species. [3] The monophyly of the Caryophyllales has been supported by DNA sequences, cytochrome c sequence data and heritable characters such as anther wall development and vessel-elements with simple perforations. [4]

Circumscription

As with all taxa, the circumscription of the Caryophyllales has changed within various classification systems. All systems recognize a core of families with centrospermous ovules and seeds. More recent treatments have expanded the Caryophyllales to include most carnivorous plants.

Although the monophyly of the order has been strongly supported, their placement is still uncertain. Systematists are undecided on whether Caryophyllales should be placed within the rosid complex or sister to the asterid clade. [4] Caryophyllales is separated into 2 sub-orders: Caryophyllineae and Polygonineae. [4] These two sub-orders were formerly (and sometimes still are) recognized as two orders, the Polygonales and Caryophyllales. [4]

APG II

As circumscribed by the APG II system (2003), this order includes well-known plants like cacti, carnations, spinach, beet, rhubarb, sundews, venus fly traps, and bougainvillea. Recent molecular and biochemical evidence has resolved additional well-supported clades within the Caryophyllales.

  • order Caryophyllales

APG

Carnegiea gigantea
Sweet William Dwarf from the family Caryophyllaceae

This represents a slight change from the APG system, of 1998

  • order Caryophyllales
    family Achatocarpaceae
    family Aizoaceae
    family Amaranthaceae
    family Ancistrocladaceae
    family Asteropeiaceae
    family Basellaceae
    family Cactaceae
    family Caryophyllaceae
    family Didiereaceae
    family Dioncophyllaceae
    family Droseraceae
    family Drosophyllaceae
    family Frankeniaceae
    family Molluginaceae
    family Nepenthaceae
    family Nyctaginaceae
    family Physenaceae
    family Phytolaccaceae
    family Plumbaginaceae
    family Polygonaceae
    family Portulacaceae
    family Rhabdodendraceae
    family Sarcobataceae
    family Simmondsiaceae
    family Stegnospermataceae
    family Tamaricaceae

Cronquist

Chenopodium album

The Cronquist system (1981) also recognised the order, with this circumscription:

  • order Caryophyllales
    family Achatocarpaceae
    family Aizoaceae
    family Amaranthaceae
    family Basellaceae
    family Cactaceae
    family Caryophyllaceae
    family Chenopodiaceae
    family Didiereaceae
    family Nyctaginaceae
    family Phytolaccaceae
    family Portulacaceae
    family Molluginaceae

The difference with the order as recognized by APG lies in the first place in the concept of "order". The APG favours much larger orders and families, and the order Caryophyllales sensu APG should rather be compared to subclass Caryophyllidae sensu Cronquist.

A part of the difference lies with what families are recognized. The plants in the Stegnospermataceae and Barbeuiaceae were included in Cronquist's Phytolaccaceae. The Chenopodiaceae (still recognized by Cronquist) are included in Amaranthaceae by APG.

New to the order (sensu APG) are the Asteropeiaceae and Physenaceae, each containing a single genus, and two genera from Cronquist's order Nepenthales.

Earlier circumscriptions

Earlier systems, such as the Wettstein system, last edition in 1935, and the Engler system, updated in 1964, had a similar order under the name Centrospermae.

References

Search Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Caryophyllales
Search Wikispecies Wikispecies has information related to: Caryophyllales
  1. ^ Caryophyllales
  2. ^ Judd. W., Campbell, C., Kellog, E., Stevens, P. & M. Donoghue. (2008). Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, Third Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, MA
  3. ^ Stephens, P.F. (2001). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 8, June 2007.http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/
  4. ^ a b c d Juan et al. (2007). Electrophoretic characterization of Amaranthus L. seed proteins and its systematic implication. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 155: 57-63.

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Learn More
Centrospermae (botany)
Centrospermales (botany)
Aizoaceae (botany)

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Sci-Tech Dictionary. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. Copyright © 2003, 1994, 1989, 1984, 1978, 1976, 1974 by McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Sci-Tech Encyclopedia. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
WordNet. WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.  Read more
Wikipedia. This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Caryophyllales".  Read more

 

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