Results for catacombs
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(kat'əkōmz) , cemeteries of the early Christians and contemporary Jews, arranged in extensive subterranean vaults and galleries. Besides serving as places of burial, the catacombs were used as hiding places from persecution, as shrines to saints and martyrs, and for funeral feasts; it is doubtful that they were ever regularly used for religious services. Catacombs exist at Rome and also at Naples, Venosa, Chiusi, and Syracuse, Italy, and at Alexandria, Carthage, and Susah in N Africa as well as in Asia Minor and other areas. The cemeteries at Paris that were once thought to be catacombs are actually depleted stone quarries and were not used for burial until the late 18th cent.

Human burial in subterranean rock chambers is an ancient pre-Christian, pre-Roman custom in the Mediterranean. Although cremation was the rule among Greeks and Romans, there was no bar against burial for Christians or Jews, and the catacombs were not constructed in secrecy. Ordinances forbade interment within the city limits. All the Roman catacombs consequently are outside the city gates.

The Roman catacombs lie from 22 to 65 ft (6.7–19.8 m) beneath ground level in a space of more than 600 acres (243 hectares); much of this is in several levels. They date from the 1st cent. A.D. until the early 5th cent. Lining the walls of the narrow passages, generally 3 ft (91 cm) wide, are the recesses for the bodies. Some passages contained separate chambers or cubicula, usually about 12 ft (4 m) square but sometimes circular or polygonal, which were privately owned family vaults or contained the tomb of a martyr. In these the bodies were often placed in carved sarcophagi that stood within arched niches. In some catacombs rooms are arranged in groups; in the catacombs of Sant'Agnese such a group forms a miniature church. The spreading of the catacombs eventually produced burial places of labyrinthine character. The walls and ceilings of plaster were customarily painted with fresco decorations, and in these can be studied the beginnings of Christian art.

Even after official recognition of Christianity in 313, burials continued, through a desire for interment near the martyrs. The invasions of Goths, Vandals, Lombards, and Saracens brought about the plundering of the catacombs and the robbing of their graves for the bones of saints. Several popes worked at restoring these sacred places, but by the 8th cent. the bodies had been mainly transferred to churches; by the 10th cent. the catacombs, filled with debris, were forgotten.

In 1578 the catacombs were rediscovered. Exhaustive publications based on researches in the catacombs were produced by the archaeologist Battista de Rossi (1822–94). The catacombs discovered in the vicinity of Rome in 1956 and 1959 contain frescoes of notable historical interest. In the Roman liturgy the requirement that Mass be said in the presence of lighted candles and over martyrs' relics is in conscious reminiscence of the catacombs.

Bibliography

See W. H. Adams, Famous Caves and Catacombs (1886, repr. 1972); S. Benko and J. J. O'Rourke, ed., The Catacombs and the Colosseum (1971).


 
 
Games:

Catacombs

  • Platform: Macintosh
  • Release Date: 1995

Game Description

Based on the Arcade game of the same name, Catacombs allows the player to control one of four characters, specifically, an Elf, Magician, Fighter or a Valkyrie. Players must roam the board, fighting monsters and destroying monster generators, collecting treasure and discovering the exit to the next level.

A variety of treasures can help them along the way, including keys to open doors, potions which destroy monsters and scrolls that can cause shots to deflect, prevent damage to your character, give you super shots, make you invisible and so on.

Players can either fight their way to the exit or simply not fire a shot for 200 turns at which point the game automatically goes to the next level. Unlike the original arcade game, Catacombs contains only five types of monsters: ghosts, trolls, demons, slimes and scorpions. There is also a figure of death that simply does 200 points of damage to the player and then disappears. ~ Lisa Karen Savignano, All Game Guide

Review: Enjoyment

Difficult gameplay makes this game more of a torture than a delight. ~ Lisa Karen Savignano, All Game Guide

Production Credits

Created by: Glenn Seeman ~ Lisa Karen Savignano, All Game Guide

Review: Overall

Catacombs is similar to the multi-player Arcade game Gauntlet, in which players could choose to play as any one of four adventurers: Elf, Magician, Warrior or Valkyrie. Players would wander the catacombs, picking up keys, potions and treasure and use them to fight against the monsters inhabiting the labyrinth.

In this Macintosh shareware version, the types of monsters are limited to five: ghosts, demons, trolls, scorpions and slimes, but death also makes an appearance. Death only appears on the lower levels and, unlike other monsters who deal only a few points of damage to your character with a successful hit, deals 200 points of damage and fades. Needless to say, this can be deadly. In addition, the player takes damage every turn he or she is not fighting.

To regain health points, players must find and eat either the plates of food or drink the bottles of cider scattered throughout the levels. Both restore 200 health points but the cider bottle can be destroyed by players' shots while the food plate cannot. Other items encountered include treasure chests that add points to your score, potions that can destroy the monsters on the screen and is the only item that can eliminate death, scrolls and several bad items. A few of these nasty surprises appear along the way with items that can injure or poison (looks like a bottle of cider with skulls and crossbones on it) you as well.



Players also have to contend with monster generators that are colored-coded to correspond to the various monsters. Unlike the Arcade version, there is no difference in the monster generator to show how many hits it will take to destroy each type and the number of hits required for destruction does vary.

There are four possible sets of catacombs, each designed the same but with the levels skewed, so that in one the exit might be to the north, while in the next the same exit from the same level is in the south, east or north. Each catacomb has its own high score list. ~ Lisa Karen Savignano, All Game Guide

Review: Graphics

Very cartoony but similar to the original game, only simpler. ~ Lisa Karen Savignano, All Game Guide

Review: Sound

A bit more digitized but very similar to the original game. ~ Lisa Karen Savignano, All Game Guide

Review: Replay Value

To win, you are going to have to play over and over again. ~ Lisa Karen Savignano, All Game Guide

Review: Documentation

Explains the game in a fair amount of detail and contains illustrations of the various goodies and bad items. ~ Lisa Karen Savignano, All Game Guide

 
Wikipedia: catacombs


Catacombs Paris
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Catacombs Paris
Catacombs Rome - entrance
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Catacombs Rome - entrance
Catacombs Rome - entrance (detail)
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Catacombs Rome - entrance (detail)
Catacombs Lima. Convento de San Fransisco
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Catacombs Lima. Convento de San Fransisco

The original catacombs are a network of underground burial galleries beneath San Sebastiano fuori le mura, in Rome. The derivation of the word itself is disputed and it remains unclear if it ultimately derives from the cemetery itself or from the locality in which it is found. There is no doubt however that the San Sebastiano catacombs are the first to be referred to as such.

The word now refers to any network of caves, grottos, or subterranean place that is used for the burial of the dead, or it can refer to a specific underground burial place.

Famous examples include:

There are also catacomb-like burial chambers in Anatolia, Turkey; in Susa, North Africa; in Naples, Italy; in Syracuse, Italy; Trier, Germany; Kiev, Ukraine. Capuchin catacombs of Palermo, Sicily were used as late as 1920s.

In Ukraine and Russia, catacomb (used in the local languages' plural katakomby) also refers to the network of abandoned caves and tunnels earlier used to mine stone, especially limestone. Such catacombs are situated in Crimea and the Black Sea coast of these two countries. The most famous are catacombs beneath Odessa and Ajimushkay, Crimea, Ukraine. In the early days of Christianity, believers conducted secret worship services in these burial caves for safety and reverence for the dead. Later, they served as bases for Soviet World War II guerrillas (see also Great Patriotic War). Ajimushkay catacombs hosted about 10,000 fighters and refugees. [citation needed] Many of them died and were buried there, and memorials and museums were later established (it is now a territory of Kerch city).

Film

Catacombs is the name of a film starring Alecia Moore (aka Pink) due to release in 2007, which takes place in the Parisian catacombs. [citation needed]

See also

References

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    Columbia Encyclopedia. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2003, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/  Read more
    Games. Copyright © 2008 All Media Guide, LLC. Content provided by All Game Guide ® , a trademark of All Media Guide, LLC. All rights reserved.  Read more
    Wikipedia. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Catacombs" Read more

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