Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Contact Information Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA 30333 GA Tel. 404-498-1515 Toll Free 800-311-3435 Fax 404-498-1177 Diabetes Why managing blood sugar is so important.

Type: Business Segment
On the web: http://www.cdc.gov

Mens sana in corpore sano -- that's really all it's about for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The lead federal agency for protecting the health and safety of US citizens, the CDC investigates health problems, performs research, and develops public health policies as well as developing and applying disease prevention and control. The CDC is one of the major operating components of the Department of Health and Human Services and comprises six coordinating centers and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The agency has developed partnerships with public and private entities designed to improve the flow of information throughout the health care community.

Officers:
Director: Thomas R. Frieden
CFO: Barbara Harris
CIO: James D. (Jim) Seligman

The federal facility for disease eradication, epidemiology, and education, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is a federal agency, under the United States Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS), whose vision is to promote healthy people in a healthy world through prevention. CDC's mission is to promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. The agency addresses a broad range of preventable health problems, from infectious disease to chronic diseases and risk factors to negative environmental effects on health. Most of CDC's seven thousand employees live and work in Atlanta, Georgia, the agency headquarters. CDC employees are also stationed in state and local health departments in all fifty states and in about twenty countries worldwide. CDC has facilities in Alaska, California, Colorado, the District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Washington, and West Virginia.

CDC has three primary functions: to actively protect the health and safety of the nation; to provide credible information so that the general public, health care providers, and leaders in government can make well-informed health decisions; and to promote better health in all stages of life through strong partnerships.

CDC has always demonstrated a strong commitment to protecting health and safety. In 1942, malaria in the southeast United States was more common, so it made sense to establish the Office of Malaria Control in War Areas in Atlanta. Dr. Joseph Mountin, a leader of the Public Health Service, wanted to create a national organization to keep more than six hundred bases and essential war-industrial establishments in the southern United States malaria-free. At the end of World War II, Mountin created the Communicable Disease Center from these initial malaria-control efforts. The agency's purpose was to gather physicians, entomologists, and engineers in the battle against a wide range of infectious health risks.

Over the past fifty-three years, CDC's name has changed along with the evolution of its focus. The agency has maintained its commitment to the prevention and control of infectious disease, while building its efforts to address the leading health threats of the nation, including environmental hazards like lead poisoning, chronic diseases like cancer and heart disease, occupational illnesses, and injuries at home, on the road, and on the playground. CDC has worked to reduce the spread of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) since its recognition in 1981. CDC has instituted important changes in treating and controlling the spread of this disease, including ensuring that the nation's blood supply is safe and reducing the risk of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) transmission in health care settings.

Along with actively protecting health and safety, CDC provides credible health information to various decision makers, including individuals making personal health decisions and policy leaders making decisions affecting larger populations. Working with state and local partners, CDC collects and analyzes data to monitor health threats, detect disease outbreaks, and identify risk factors and causes of diseases and injuries. CDC also conducts research to identify what works in disease and injury control and prevention.

CDC's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), for example, is the nation's most comprehensive study of the health and nutritional status of Americans. Each year, approximately five thousand randomly selected residents in twelve to fifteen counties across the country have the opportunity to participate in the survey. NHANES is a unique resource for health information in the United States. Without it, decision makers would not have adequate data on health conditions and issues, such as obesity, environmental (secondhand) tobacco smoke, and lead poisoning.

CDC also provides information to the public via comprehensive public health communication programs on such issues as diabetes, skin and colorectal cancer, HIV, and hepatitis C. International travelers turn to CDC to obtain timely updates on disease outbreaks in foreign countries and a list of suggested immunization. The agency also publishes guidelines, such as its Community Prevention Guidelines, to identify evidence-based practices for disease control and prevention.

CDC's third function is to promote better health in all stages of life through strong partnerships. The agency has forged relationships with other federal, state, and local health agencies, not for-profit organizations, and members of private industry who have an interest in reducing the burdens of disease, injury, and disability. CDC's strongest traditional partnerships have been with state and local health departments. Through the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, for example, CDC is providing funds and technical assistance to fifty states, five U.S. territories, the District of Columbia, and fifteen American Indian/Alaska Native organizations. This program exemplifies how the combination of public health expertise in screening and detection, quality assurance, professional and public education, and coalition building can address critical gaps in health care needs. The program delivers critical breast and cervical cancer screening services to underserved women, including older women, women with low incomes, and women of racial and ethnic minority groups.

CDC has evolved from an agency focused on fighting infectious diseases to one that addresses a variety of health issues on both national and international fronts. In the future, it may need to address additional health issues—such as responding to bioterrorism, using genetic information to improve health, reducing violence in society, and closing the gap in health disparities among racial and ethnic groups.

(SEE ALSO: Communicable Disease Control; Noncommunicable Disease Control)

Bibliography

Etheridge, E. W. (1992). Sentinel for Health: A History of the Centers for Disease Control. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

— JEFFREY P. KOPLAN

For more information on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, visit Britannica.com.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), located in Atlanta, Georgia, is the largest federal agency outside the Washington, D.C., area, with more than eighty-five hundred employees and a budget of $4.3 billion for nonbioterrorism-related activities and another $2.3 billion for its emergency and Bioterrorism programs (2002). Part of the U.S. Public Health Service, the CDC was created in 1946 as successor to the World War II organization Malaria Control in War Areas. Originally called the Communicable Disease Center, it soon outgrew its narrow focus, and its name was changed in 1970 to Center (later Centers) for Disease Control. The words "and Prevention" were added in 1993, but the acronym CDC was preserved.

During the Cold War, the CDC created the Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) to guard against biological warfare, but quickly broadened its scope. The "disease detectives," as EIS officers came to be known, found the cause for the outbreak of many diseases, including Legionnaires' Disease in 1976 and Toxic Shock Syndrome in the late 1970s. In 1981, the CDC recognized that a half dozen cases of a mysterious illness among young homosexual men was the beginning of an epidemic, subsequently called AIDS. The CDC also played a leading role in the elimination of smallpox in the world (1965–1977), a triumph based on the concept of surveillance, which was perfected at the CDC and became the basis of public health practice around the world. From the 1950s to the 1980s, the CDC led the nation's immunization crusades against polio, measles, rubella, and influenza, and made major contributions to the knowledge of family planning and birth defects. Critics have faulted the CDC for its continuance of a study of untreated syphilis at Tuskegee, Alabama (1957–1972), and for a massive immunization effort against swine influenza in 1976, an epidemic that never materialized.

The CDC assumed an expanded role in maintaining national security after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, and the subsequent discovery of deadly anthrax spores in the U.S. mail system. Responding to fears of biological, chemical, or radiological attacks, the CDC initiated new preparedness and response programs, such as advanced surveillance, educational sessions for local public health officials, and the creation of a national pharmaceutical stockpile to inoculate the public against bioterrorist attacks.

Bibliography

Etheridge, Elizabeth W. Sentinel for Health: A History of the Centers for Disease Control. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.

—Elizabeth W. Etheridge/A. R.

CDC is an acronym for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The center, which is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, is one of the predominant public health institutions in the United States and in the world. The CDC serves United States national security by monitoring the incidence of infectious disease in the U.S. (and around the world), and through the development and implementation of disease control procedures. As part of this mandate, the CDC is one of the few facilities in North America that houses a biological laboratory capable of handling very infectious and lethally-dangerous microorganisms such as the Ebola virus and Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax.

The CDC is the pre-eminent institution in the United States dedicated to the prevention of disease, and is a global leader in public health. In addition to the Atlanta headquarters, the CDC has facilities in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and in eight other locations in the continental United States. The U.S. locations are Anchorage (Alaska), Cincinnati (Ohio), Fort Collins (Colorado), Morgantown (West Virginia), Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania), Research Triangle Park (North Carolina), Spokane (Washington), and Washington D.C.

Approximately 8,500 people work at the CDC in 170 occupations pertaining to public health research, administration, monitoring, and education. CDC personnel are also seconded to other international health agencies such as the World Health Organization and to state and local health agencies in response to disease outbreaks.

The CDC is organized into 11 national centers that are concerned with health care and disease prevention. The national centers study

• Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities,
• Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion,
• Environmental Health (that includes the Office of Genomics and Disease Prevention),
• Health Statistics
• HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), STD (Sexually Transmitted Disease), and TB (Tuberculosis) Prevention,
• Infectious Diseases,
• Injury Prevention and Control,
• Immunization Program,
• Occupational Safety and Health,
• Epidemiology Program, and,
• Public Health Practice Program.

At the beginning of 2003, the CDC enters its 57th year of existence. The institution was established on July 1, 1946 in Atlanta. At that time the acronym CDC stood for Communicable Disease Center. The CDC replaced another center known as the Malaria Control in War Areas. The former institution had been established as part of the Public Health Service to rid the southern United States of malaria during the years of World War II. As well, the center had assumed the responsibility for keeping the region free of murine typus fever. The establishment of the Communicable Disease Center continued these functions while expanding to include all diseases that could be transmitted from person to person.

The institute's founding director was Dr. Joseph M. Mountin. In its early days, the center was small and research and surveillance programs were still geared towards insect-transmitted diseases such as malaria. After an aggressive campaign of expansion by Mountin, however, which was intended to entrench CDC's position and value to the country, the center became the national agency for epidemiology (the study of the origin and spread of diseases).

The Korean War in the 1950s solidified the center's value as an epidemiological resource. The Epidemiological Intelligence Service (EIS) was created during that time, with the mandate to protect U.S. citizens from diseases that originated in other regions of the world. The EIS remains an important part of today's CDC, especially because of the recognition, in the 1950s, that biological warfare was an emerging threat to national security.

Two other events in the 1950s besides the Korean conflict increased the national importance of the CDC, and served to ensure that the funding of the center continued. First, a national campaign to inoculate children with the recently approved Salk polio vaccine led to a spate of poliomyelitis cases. A Polio Surveillance Unit was established at CDC. The unit quickly determined that a contaminated batch of the vaccine has been the problem. Their findings allowed the contaminated units of vaccine to be withdrawn from use, and the inoculation program continued with confidence. In retrospect, the continuation of the vaccination campaign has been invaluable, since it was pivotal in the eradication of polio, and since it instilled the confidence in vaccines in general that helped ensure the success of other vaccination campaigns. These outcomes also solidified the CDC's reputation as a disease-monitoring center of excellence. The other event was a large influenza outbreak in the U.S. Once again, a surveillance campaign on the type of virus that was involved and its pattern of spread helped future efforts to develop effective vaccines and inoculation programs.

During the 1950s and 1960s, the CDC grew through the assumption of responsibility for programs that had been previously handled by other government departments and agencies. Examples include the centers of venereal disease, tuberculosis, and immunization.

Beginning in the 1960s, CDC assumed an increasingly important role in the public awareness of infectious diseases. One important example occurred in 1961 when the institution took over the publication of the Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report (MMWR). The MMWR publishes information on the number of deaths and cases of infectious disease from every state in the country each week. The availability of such detailed information has allowed the progression of some emerging diseases such as AIDS to be charted.

By the late 1960s, the CDC had become much more than a center for the study and action against communicable diseases. These activities had moved CDC far beyond its original mandate as a communicable disease center. In recognition of the center's changed role, its name was changed in 1970 to the Center for Disease Control. Further expansion led to a slight name change in 1981, to the Centers for Disease Control. Finally, as further expansion took the CDC into disease prevention, in 1992 the organization became the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Even so, for the sake of continuity the acronym CDC has been retained.

These and other efforts have contributed to national security through the preservation of public health. In more recent times, accomplishments of significance have included participation in the development of a smallpox vaccine and inoculation program, and the identification of the agents of several diseases including Legionnaire's disease, toxic shock syndrome, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.

In 1978, biosafety level 4 containment laboratory was opened in the CDC Atlanta headquarters. Then as now, this is one of only a handful of level 4 labs in North America. Other similar facilities are present in San Antonio, Texas, at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (USAMRIID) in Fort Detrick, Maryland, and in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. It is only at these facilities that highly infectious and lethal viruses and bacteria can be safely studied and treatments devised. At CDC, for example, the Special Pathogens Branch studies the Ebola, Marburg, and Hantaviruses.

In the present day, CDC provides a great deal of information concerning naturally occurring infectious diseases and, particularly since in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the U.S., information on bioterrorist threats such as anthrax. The research and disease surveillance expertise at CDC is being harnessed, along with other national laboratories and intelligence gathering organizations, to strengthen the United States from bioterrorist attacks.

Further Reading

Periodicals

Epidemiology Program Office, CDC. "CDC's 50th Anniversary: History of CDC." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report no. 45 (1996): 525–30.

Electronic

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "About CDC." November 2, 2002. <http://www.cdc.gov/aboutcdc.htm> (28 December 2002).

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "CDC Timeline." <http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/timeprnt.htm> (28 December 2002).

A government agency headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, which is responsible for the control and suppression of infectious diseases. It offers a national information database on infectious disease and national support to the health care community by providing research and control measures in response to imminent health threats, such as epidemics.

This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (May 2009)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Logo of the CDC
Agency overview
Formed	July 1, 1946
Preceding agency	Communicable Disease Center
Jurisdiction	Federal government of the United States
Headquarters	Metro Atlanta, GA
Employees	15,000
Annual budget	$8.8 billion USD (2008)
Agency executive	Thomas R. Frieden, MD, MPH, Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Parent agency	United States Department of Health and Human Services

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (or CDC) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services based in the Metro Atlanta area, adjacent to the campus of Emory University and northeast of downtown Atlanta.^[1][2] It works to protect public health and safety by providing information to enhance health decisions, and it promotes health through partnerships with state health departments and other organizations. The CDC focuses national attention on developing and applying disease prevention and control (especially infectious diseases), environmental health, occupational safety and health, health promotion, prevention and education activities designed to improve the health of the people of the United States.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Category A 1.1.1 Definition 1.2 Category B 1.2.1 Definition 1.3 Category C 1.3.1 Definition 2 Budget and workforce 3 Organizational structure 3.1 Directors of the CDC 4 Data and survey systems 5 Publications and film 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

History

See also: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention timeline

CDC headquarters in Metro Atlanta as seen from Emory University

On July 1, 1946, the Communicable Disease Center was established as a small branch of the U.S. Public Health Service and was located on the sixth floor of the Volunteer Building on Peachtree Street in Atlanta, Georgia, in what was once the heart of the malaria zone. The new agency was descended from several wartime agencies, including the Office of Malaria Control in War Areas, and the Office of Typhus Fever Control.^[3]

With a budget at the time of about $1 million, 59 percent of its personnel were engaged in mosquito abatement using the insecticide DDT and habitat control with the objective of control and eradication of malaria in the United States.^[4] Among its 369 employees, the main jobs at CDC were originally entomology and engineering. In CDC's initial years, more than six and a half million homes were sprayed. In 1946, there were only seven medical officers on duty and an early organization chart was drawn, somewhat fancifully, in the shape of a mosquito.

CDC founder Dr. Joseph Mountin continued to advocate for public health issues and to push for CDC to extend its responsibilities to many other communicable diseases. In 1947, CDC made a token payment of $10 to Emory University for 15 acres (61,000 m²) of land on Clifton Road in DeKalb County, the home of CDC headquarters today. CDC employees collected the money to make the purchase. The benefactor behind the “gift” was Robert Woodruff, Chairman of the Board of the Coca-Cola Company. Woodruff had a long-time interest in malaria control; it had been a problem in areas where he went hunting.

The mission of CDC expanded beyond its original focus on malaria to include sexually transmitted diseases when the Venereal Disease Division of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) was transferred to the CDC in 1957. Shortly thereafter, Tuberculosis Control was transferred (in 1960) to the CDC from PHS, and then in 1963 the Immunization program was established.^[5] Currently the CDC focus has broadened to include chronic diseases, disabilities, injury control, workplace hazards, environmental health threats, and terrorism preparedness. CDC combats emerging diseases and other health risks, including birth defects, West Nile virus, obesity, avian, swine, and pandemic flu, E. coli, auto wrecks, and bioterrorism, to name a few. The organization would also prove to be an important factor in preventing the abuse of penicillin.

The organization was renamed to the Center for Disease Control in 1970, and an act of the United States Congress appended the words "and Prevention" to the name effective October 27, 1992; however, Congress directed that the initialism CDC be retained because of its name recognition.^[6] CDC now operates under the Department of Health and Human Services umbrella.

In May 1994 the CDC admitted to have sent several biological warfare agents to Iraq from 1984 through 1989, including Botulinum toxin, West Nile virus, Yersinia pestis and Dengue fever virus.^[7]

The CDC has one of the few Biosafety Level 4 laboratories in the country, as well as one of only two official repositories of smallpox in the world. The second smallpox store resides at the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR in the Russian Federation.

The CDC has different categories for diseases posing a threat to the US:

Category A

Definition

The U.S. public health system and primary healthcare providers must be prepared to address various biological agents, including pathogens that are rarely seen in the United States. High-priority agents include organisms that pose a risk to national security because they:

• can be easily disseminated or transmitted from person to person;
• result in high mortality rates and have the potential for major public health impact;
• might cause public panic and social disruption; and
• require special action for public health preparedness.

Agents/Diseases

• Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
• Botulism (Clostridium botulinum toxin)
• Plague (Yersinia pestis)
• Smallpox (variola major)
• Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
• Viral hemorrhagic fevers (filoviruses [e.g., Ebola, Marburg] and arenaviruses [e.g., Lassa, Machupo])

Category B

Definition

Second highest priority agents include those that

• are moderately easy to disseminate;
• result in moderate morbidity rates and low mortality rates; and
• require specific enhancements of CDC's diagnostic capacity and enhanced disease surveillance.

Agents/Diseases

• Brucellosis (Brucella species)
• Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens
• Food safety threats (e.g., Salmonella species, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella)
• Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)
• Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)
• Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci)
• Q fever (Coxiella burnetii)
• Ricin toxin from Ricinus communis (castor beans)
• Staphylococcal enterotoxin B
• Typhus fever (Rickettsia prowazekii)
• Viral encephalitis (Alphaviruses [e.g., Venezuelan equine encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis])
• Water safety threats (e.g., Vibrio cholerae, Cryptosporidium parvum)

Category C

Definition

Third highest priority agents include emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass dissemination in the future because of:

• availability;
• ease of production and dissemination; and
• potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact.

Agents

• Emerging infectious diseases such as Nipah virus and hantavirus

Budget and workforce

CDC’s budget for 2008 is $8.8 billion. Today the staff numbers nearly 15,000 (including 6,000 contractors and 840 Commissioned Corps officers) in 170 occupations.^{[citation needed]} Other CDC job titles include engineer, entomologist, epidemiologist, biologist, physician, veterinarian, behaviorial scientist, nurse, medical technologist, economist, Public Health Advisor, health communicator, toxicologist, chemist, computer scientist, and statistician.^[8]

In addition to the Atlanta headquarters, the CDC has 10 other locations in the United States and Puerto Rico. Those locations include Anchorage, Alaska; Cincinnati, Ohio; Fort Collins, Colorado; Hyattsville, Maryland; Morgantown, West Virginia; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; San Juan, Puerto Rico; Spokane, Washington; and Washington, D.C. In addition, CDC staff are located in state and local health agencies, quarantine/border health offices at ports of entry, and 45 countries around the world, from Angola to Zimbabwe.^{[citation needed]}

More than a third of CDC’s employees are members of a racial or ethnic minority group, and women account for nearly 60 percent of CDC’s workforce. Nearly 40 percent of employees have a master’s degree; 25 percent have a Ph.D.; and 10 percent have medical degrees. The average age of a CDC worker is 46.^{[citation needed]}

The CDC also conducts the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, the world’s largest, on-going telephone health survey system.^[9]

Organizational structure

On April 21, 2005 then-director of CDC, Dr. Julie Gerberding, formally announced the reorganization of CDC to "confront the challenges of 21st-century health threats".^[10] This reorganization has resulted in the following structure:^[11]

• Coordinating Center for Environmental Health and Injury Prevention (CCEHIP)
  • National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH)
  • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
  • National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC)

CDC Emergency Operations Center (EOC)

• Coordinating Center for Health Information Service (CCHIS)
  • National Center for Health Marketing (NCHM)
  • National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)
  • National Center for Public Health Informatics (NCPHI)
• Coordinating Center for Health Promotion (CCHP)
  • National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP)
• Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases (CCID)
  • National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD)
  • National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP)
  • National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases (NCZVED)
  • National Center for Preparedness, Detection and Control of Infectious Diseases (NCPDCID)
• Coordinating Office for Global Health (COGH)
• Coordinating Office for Terrorism Preparedness and Emergency Response (COTPER)
  • Emergency Operations Center (EOC)
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

The CDC Foundation operates independently from CDC as a private, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization incorporated in the State of Georgia. The creation of the Foundation was authorized by section 399F of the Public Health Service Act to support the mission of CDC in partnership with the private sector, including organizations, foundations, businesses, educational groups, and individuals.

Directors of the CDC

The President of the United States appoints the Director of the CDC. The appointment is automatic, and does not require approval by the Senate. The Director serves at the pleasure of the President, and may be fired at any time.^[12][13] Fifteen Directors served between CDC's founding in 1942 and 2008:^[14]

• L. L. Williams, MD (1942-1943)
• Mark D. Hollis, ScD (1944-1946)
• Raymond A. Vonderlehr, MD (1947-1951)
• Justin M. Andrews, ScD (1952-1953)
• Theodore J. Bauer, MD (1953-1956)
• Robert J. Anderson, MD, MPH (1956-1960)
• Clarence A. Smith, MD, MPH (1960-1962)
• James L. Goddard, MD, MPH (1962-1966)
• David J. Sencer, MD, MPH (1966-1977)
• William H. Foege, MD, MPH (1977-1983)
• James O. Mason, MD, MPH (1983-1989)
• William L. Roper, MD, MPH (1990-1993)
• David Satcher, MD, PhD (1993-1998)
• Jeffrey P. Koplan, MD, MPH (1998-2002)
• Julie Gerberding, MD, MPH (2002-2008)
• Thomas R. Frieden, MD, MPH (scheduled to assume office in June 2009)^[12]

Data and survey systems

• CDC Scientific Data, Surveillance, Health Statistics, and Laboratory Information.^[15]
• Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.^[16]
• Mortality Medical Data System.^[17]

Publications and film

• Comprehensive list of publications and products^[18]
• State of CDC report^[19]
• CDC Programs in Brief^[20]
• Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report^[21]
• Emerging Infectious Disease Journal^[22]

The CDC campus in Atlanta houses facilities for the research of extremely dangerous biological agents. This setting was featured in the Dustin Hoffman film Outbreak, although the location depicted in the film was supposed to be the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases bio-research facility. The CDC figures prominently in the book "Ready to Go: The History and Contributions of U.S. Public Health Advisors" by B.E. Meyerson, F.A. Martich and G.P. Naehr (ASHA, 2008). The CDC labs figure prominently in the books "The Demon in the Freezer" and "The Hot Zone" by Richard Preston and "Virus Hunter" by C.J. Peters, former head of the Special Pathogens Branch at the CDC.^{[citation needed]} The "Atlanta Plague center" which is in all likelihood a fictionalized version of the CDC appears in the Stephen King book The Stand.

See also

• Similar Agencies
  • Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong
  • Chinese center for disease control and prevention^[23]
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)  European Union
  • Health Protection Agency (HPA)  United Kingdom
  • Institut de veille sanitaire (IVS)  France
  • Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)  Canada
  • Robert Koch Institute, Germany
• United States Department of Health and Human Services
• Public health
• Public Health Advisor
• Epidemic Intelligence Service
• Pandemic (board game)

References

1. ^ Home Page. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved on November 19, 2008.
2. ^ "Druid Hills CDP, GA." United States Census Bureau. Retrieved on May 5, 2009.
3. ^ http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/442.html Records of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention United States National Archives.
4. ^ http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/history/index.htm#mcwa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease. Atlanta, GA, 2004.
5. ^ Beth E. Meyerson, Fred A. Martich, and Gerald P. Naehr (2008). Ready to Go: The History and Contributions of U.S. Public Health Advisors. (Research Triangle Park: American Social Health Association).
6. ^ CDC (1992). "CDC: the nation's prevention agency". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 41 (44): 833. PMID 1331740. http://cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00017924.htm. 
7. ^ "The eleventh plague: the politics of biological and chemical warfare" (p. 84-86) by Leonard A. Cole (1993)
8. ^ "CDC - Employment". http://www.cdc.gov/employment/menu_topjobs1.html. Retrieved on 2009-05-17. 
9. ^ "Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System". CDC: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. http://www.cdc.gov/BRFSS/. Retrieved on 2006-08-05. 
10. ^ "CDC Office of Director, The Futures Initiative". CDC - National Center for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/futures/g_letter_04-21-05.htm. Retrieved on 2008-12-28. 
11. ^ "Management Analysis and Services Office". CDC - National Center for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/maso/mab_Charts.htm. Retrieved on 2008-12-28. 
12. ^ ^{a b} Wilgoren, Debbi and Shear, Michael D. "Obama Chooses NYC Health Chief to Head CDC." Washington Post. May 16, 2009.
13. ^ Etheridge, Elizabeth W. Sentinel for Health: A History of the Centers for Disease Control. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1992. ISBN 0520071077; Patel, Kant; Rushefsky, Mark E.; and McFarlane, Deborah R. The Politics of Public Health in the United States. M.E. Sharpe, 2005. ISBN 076561135X.
14. ^ "Past CDC Directors/Administrators." Office of Enterprise Communication. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. February 19, 2009. Accessed 2009-05-19.
15. ^ "CDC Data and Statistics". CDC - National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. http://www.cdc.gov/scientific.htm. Retrieved on 2006-08-10. 
16. ^ "Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System". CDC - National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. http://www.cdc.gov/BRFSS/. Retrieved on 2006-08-10. 
17. ^ "NCHS - Mortality Data - About the Mortality Medical Data System". CDC - National Center for Health Statistics. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/dvs/about.htm. Retrieved on 2007-01-09. 
18. ^ "CDC - Publications". CDC - National Center for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/doc.do/id/0900f3ec8021ee7a. Retrieved on 2006-08-10. 
19. ^ "State of CDC Report: Fiscal Year 2005". CDC - National Center for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/about/stateofcdc/index.htm. Retrieved on 2006-08-10. 
20. ^ "Programs In Brief: Home Page". CDC - National Center for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/programs/. Retrieved on 2006-08-10. 
21. ^ "Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report - MMWR". CDC - National Center for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/. Retrieved on 2006-08-10. 
22. ^ "Emerging Infectious Diseases". CDC - National Center for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/index.htm. Retrieved on 2006-08-10. 
23. ^ "Chinese center for disease control and prevention". Chinese center for disease control and prevention. http://www.chinacdc.net.cn/n272562/. Retrieved on 2008-12-28. 

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