certification

n.

1. 1. The act of certifying.
   2. The state of being certified.
2. A certified statement.

Act of confirming formally as true, accurate, or genuine.

1. Statement in an Appraisal report attesting to the appraiser's freedom from bias.
Example: See sample certification statements in the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practices, published annually by the Appraisal Foundation.

2. Official acknowledgment of expertise.
Example: State certification often is needed to conduct business as a home inspector or a real estate appraiser in that state.

n

A process by which an individual, institution, or educational program is evaluated and recognized as meeting certain predetermined criteria and standards.

The process through which a U.S. court of appeals (and, until recently, the U.S. Court of Claims) can certify questions of law at issue in a case to the Supreme Court for binding instructions. Although counsel in a few cases have attempted unsuccessfully to invoke the certification procedure, only a lower court is permitted to certify questions to the Supreme Court. Moreover, only questions of law about which the lower court entertains doubt, not questions of fact, can be certified. Such cases thus form a very small part of the Supreme Court's caseload, averaging only about one each term in recent decades. One of the rare illustrations of the procedure's use arose in 1963, when the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit certified to the Supreme Court the question whether Mississippi's governor and lieutenant governor were entitled to a jury trial on criminal contempt citations growing out of their attempts to prevent the admission of James Meredith, a black man, to the University of Mississippi at Oxford. In United States v. Barnett (1964) the Court held that the Mississippi officials were subject to summary proceedings. (The circuit court cleared them the following year, citing “changed circumstances and conditions.”) In 1968, the Court was to hold that defendants in serious criminal contempt cases are entitled to jury trials.

.

See also Courts of Appeals; Lower Federal Courts

— Tinsley E. Yarbrough

A declaration in writing that a particular product or service complies with a specification or stated criterion.

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IN BRIEF: Proof that something is true or correct.

They had the certification papers proving that the car was really theirs.

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Dansk (Danish)
adj. - attesteret, med bevis

Français (French)
adj. - diplômé, breveté

Deutsch (German)
adj. - diplomiert, Diplom-, gelernt

Ελληνική (Greek)
adj. - διπλωματούχος, πτυχιούχος

Italiano (Italian)
diplomato

Português (Portuguese)
adj. - certificado

Русский (Russian)
имеющий сертификат

Español (Spanish)
adj. - certificado, diplomado, titulado

Svenska (Swedish)
adj. - examinerad

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
持有合格证书的, 持有证明的

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
adj. - 持有合格證書的, 持有證明的

한국어 (Korean)
adj. - 면허를 취득한, 유자격의

日本語 (Japanese)
adj. - 有資格の, 資格を持った

עברית (Hebrew)
adj. - ‮מוסמך, מדופלם‬

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