cervicitis

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Inflammation of the tissues of the cervix is known as cervicitis. Cervicitis in women has many features in common with urethritis in men and many of the causes are sexually transmitted.

Causes

Cervicitis can be caused by any of a number of infections, of which the most common are chlamydia and gonorrhea, with chlamydia accounting for approximately 40% of cases^[1]. Trichomonas vaginalis and herpes simplex are less common causes of cervicitis. The role of Mycoplasma genitalium and bacterial vaginosis in causing cervicitis is still under investigation.^[2]

Mucopurulent cervicitis

Mucopurulent cervicitis (MPC) is characterized by a purulent or mucopurulent endocervical exudate visible in the endocervical canal or in an endocervical swab specimen. Some specialists also diagnose MPC on the basis of easily induced cervical bleeding. Although some specialists consider an increased number of polymorphonuclear white blood cells on endocervical Gram stain as being useful in the diagnosis of MPC, this criterion has not been standardized, has a low positive-predictive value (PPV), and is not available in some settings. MPC often is without symptoms, but some women have an abnormal vaginal discharge and vaginal bleeding (e.g., after sexual intercourse). MPC can be caused by C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae; however, in most cases neither organism can be isolated. MPC can persist despite repeated courses of antimicrobial therapy. Because relapse or reinfection with C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae usually does not occur in persons with persistent cases of MPC, other non-microbiologic determinants (e.g., inflammation in the zone of ectopy) might be involved.

Patients who have MPC should be tested for C. trachomatis and for N. gonorrhoeae with the most sensitive and specific test available. However, MPC is not a sensitive predictor of infection with these organisms; most women who have C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae do not have MPC.

References

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diseases characterized by urethritis and cervicitis. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. MMWR Recomm Rep 2002 10 May;51(RR-6):30-42.

1. ^ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; & Mitchell, Richard N. (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 716-718 ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1
2. ^ Marrazzo JM, Martin DH (2007). "Management of women with cervicitis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 44 Suppl 3: S102–10. doi:10.1086/511423. PMID 17342663. 

Much of an earlier version of this article was taken from the public domain document "Diseases characterized by urethritis and cervicitis. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002." which can be found at http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3236

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