character
American Heritage Dictionary:
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char·ac·ter
(kăr'ək-tər) 
n.
n.
- The combination of qualities or features that distinguishes one person, group, or thing from another. See synonyms at disposition.
- A distinguishing feature or attribute, as of an individual, group, or category. See synonyms at quality.
- Genetics. A structure, function, or attribute determined by a gene or group of genes.
- Moral or ethical strength.
- A description of a person's attributes, traits, or abilities.
- A formal written statement as to competency and dependability, given by an employer to a former employee; a recommendation.
- Public estimation of someone; reputation: personal attacks that damaged her character.
- Status or role; capacity: in his character as the father.
- A notable or well-known person; a personage.
- A person, especially one who is peculiar or eccentric: a shady character; catcalls from some character in the back row.
- A person portrayed in an artistic piece, such as a drama or novel.
- Characterization in fiction or drama: a script that is weak in plot but strong in character.
- A mark or symbol used in a writing system.
- Computer Science.
- One of a set of symbols, such as letters or numbers, that are arranged to express information.
- The numerical code representing such a character.
- A style of printing or writing.
- A symbol used in secret writing; a cipher or code.
- Of or relating to one's character.
- Specializing in the interpretation of often minor roles that emphasize fixed personality traits or specific physical characteristics: a character actor.
- Of or relating to the interpretation of such roles by an actor: the character part of the hero's devoted mother.
- Dedicated to the portrayal of a person with regard to distinguishing psychological or physical features: a character sketch.
- Law. Of or relating to a person who gives testimony as to the moral and ethical reputation or behavior of one engaged in a lawsuit: a character witness.
- To write, print, engrave, or inscribe.
- To portray or describe.
in character
- Consistent with someone's general character or behavior: behavior that was totally in character.
- Inconsistent with someone's general character or behavior: a response so much out of character that it amazed me.
[Middle English carecter, distinctive mark, imprint on the soul, from Old French caractere, from Latin charactēr, from Greek kharaktēr, from kharassein, to inscribe, from kharax, kharak-, pointed stick.]
characterless char'ac·ter·less adj.Fowler's Modern English Usage:
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character
Fowler (1926) argued that character should not be used (1) as an alternative to forming abstract nouns in -ness, -ity, etc., e.g.
Every housing site has its own unique character—Country Life, 1972[instead of uniqueness or...is unique], and (2) in the construction of a...character (with an adjective before character), e.g.
These zones were to be of a different character from typical streets, with traffic levels that would vary according to their functions—Architecture Weekly, 2004[instead of simply different or...were to differ from...]. These economies should be kept in mind in more formal written contexts, although character is well established in more general usage as an alternative for quality or nature.
| char, chaperone, chap | |
| charge noun, charisma, charlatan |
Computer Desktop Encyclopedia:
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character
A single alphabetic letter, numeric digit, or special symbol such as a decimal point or comma. A character is equivalent to a byte; for example, 50,000 characters take up 50,000 bytes. The word "character" itself takes up nine bytes. See character based.
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Barron's Marketing Dictionary:
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character
Single letter, number, or other symbol used to represent information. The number of character spaces in a fixed field computer record controls the amount of information that can be stored in the file. See also alphanumeric.
Barron's Banking Dictionary:
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Character
One of the five elements (the Five C's of Credit) in credit analysis. A loan backed by only a borrower's reputation in the community is called a character loan or Good Faith loan.
Barron's Food Lover's Companion:
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character
Roget's Thesaurus:
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character
noun
- The combination of emotional, intellectual, and moral qualities that distinguishes an individual: complexion, disposition, makeup, nature, personality. See be.
- Moral or ethical strength: fiber, honesty, integrity, principle. See strong/weak.
- A distinctive element: attribute, characteristic, feature, mark, peculiarity, property, quality, savor, trait. See be.
- A statement attesting to personal qualifications, character, and dependability: recommendation, reference, testimonial. See support/oppose.
- Public estimation of someone: name, report, reputation, repute. Informal rep. See respect/contempt/standing.
- An important, influential person: dignitary, eminence, leader, lion, nabob, notability, notable, personage. Informal big-timer, heavyweight, somebody, someone, VIP. Slang big shot, big wheel, bigwig, muckamuck. See important/unimportant.
- A person who is appealingly odd or curious: oddity, original. Informal card, oddball. See usual/unusual.
- A person portrayed in fiction or drama: persona, personage. See real/imaginary.
- A conventional mark used in a writing system: sign, symbol. See marks.
Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms:
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character
character, a personage in a narrative or dramatic work (see characterization); also a kind of prose sketch briefly describing some recognizable type of person. As a minor literary genre, the character originates with the Characters (late 3rd century BCE) of the Greek writer Theophrastus; it was revived in the 17th century, notably by Sir Thomas Overbury in his Characters (1614) and by La Bruyère in Les Caractères (1688). See also humours, stock character, type.
Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy:
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character
A person's character is the sum total of dispositions to action (including thinking and saying). An action is (apparently) out of character if it does not conform to the pattern the person has so far exhibited, although it may then be an indication of a more complex character than hitherto appeared. In virtue ethics, character is the prime object of appraisal, and actions are derivatively good or bad, right or wrong, in so far as they would have been the actions of a virtuous person.
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1. The personality structureor relatively fixed traits of an individual
2. Attributes of personality deemedculturally valuable or appropriate by society, for example determination and will to succeed. Sport is often said to develop character, but data supporting this assumption are sparse.
Gale Dictionary of Psychoanalysis:
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Character
Character is a psychological, philosophical, and a literary concept. A distinction needs to be drawn between this concept and the metapsychological aspects of character and its relation to symptoms and neurosis.
There are two main ways of defining it, which are interconnected. Concepts of character are designated on the one hand by the metapsychological aspects that are intrinsically connected with developments in theory and, on the other hand, by the distinction between normality and pathology and, specifically, the convergence between character and the major concepts of neurosis, psychosis, and borderline conditions.
The concept of character appeared as early as 1900 in The Interpretation of Dreams (1900a), in connection with the importance of mnemic traces. The role of fixations emerged more clearly in 1905 in Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905d), emphasizing the role of sublimation in character formation; Freud wrote: "A sub-species of sublimation is to be found in suppression bb reaction-formation" (p. 238). He then described various character types associated with the partial drives in "Character and Anal Erotism" (1908b) and "Some Character-types Met with in Psycho-Analytic Work" (1916d). It was in 1913, in "The Disposition to Obsessional Neurosis: A Contribution to the Problem of Choice of Neurosis" that he most sharply differentiated symptom and character: "the failure of repression and the return of the repressed—which are peculiar to the mechanism of neurosis—are absent in the formation of character. In the latter, repression either does not come into action or smoothly achieves its aim of replacing the repressed by reaction-formations and sublimations" (1913i, p. 323).
In 1923, with the introduction of the structural theory, character is located in the ego and the importance of identifications is emphasized: "an object which was lost has been set up again inside the ego—that is, an object-cathexis has been replaced by an identification....We have come to understand that this kind of substitution has a great share in determining the form taken by the ego and that it makes an essential contribution towards building up what is called its 'character'" (1923b, p. 28). Character thus comprises the history of object-choices that have since been abandoned. However, the earliness of these identifications should not allow us to forget that the earliest identifications with the parents are those that influence the constitution of the superego rather than the ego (Lecture 32, New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, 1933a). Here the function of character traits as resistance is frequently emphasized: "we may now add as contributions to the construction of character which are never absent the reaction-formations which the ego acquires—to begin with in making its repressions and later, by a more normal method, when it rejects unwished-for instinctual impulses" (p. 91).
Freud saw a degree of overlap between character and symptom in spite of their differences and maintained that it was the failure of the defensive function of character that led to repression and neurosis; in "Analysis terminable and interminable," he demonstrated that: "the defensive mechanisms, by bringing about an ever more extensive alienation from the external world and a permanent weakening of the ego, pave the way for, and encourage, the outbreak of neurosis" (1937c, p. 238).
The "libidinal types" (1931a) have been considered a development of character theory. However, these are in fact an attempt by Freud to attribute a key role to the agencies of the structural theory (id, ego, and superego) in a psychoanalytic nosography.
The study of character has been continued by various authors but it has been overtaken by the subject of character resistance and the associated problems of technique. Karl Abraham emphasized the importance of fixations, although he cautioned against the notion of a fixed nature as something that is disproved by modifications in character ("A Short Study of the Development of the Libido," 1924/1927). He set out to establish a semiology of psychic material and emphasized the earliness of object relations involved in symptom-formations and character-formation. Wilhelm Reich is known mainly for the modifications in technique that he advocated with patients who presented him with "character armor." This means avoiding interpreting drive impulses before having interpreted and overcome this resistance, layer by layer. In their demonstration that a large number of muscular reactions are designed to prevent the breakthrough of emotions, excitations, or anxiety, these descriptions are reminiscent of Pierre Marty's discussions of rachialgia (1963).
In The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (1945), Otto Fenichel also demonstrated the need to resolve the conflicts between the drives and defenses. Raymond de Saussure considered character as a developmental stage in which the subject has become stuck and not as a type that is established for a lifetime.
Jean Bergeret (1976) described character and structure by distinguishing three levels of character: Character, as an emanation from the deep structure in relational life, traces the progress or failure of the structural development; character traits, elements of the fundamental character, are often associated with elements of other forms of character, compensating for deficiencies in fundamental character through adaptive requirements, and can thus appear in a different structure from the one from which they derive. Character pathology, on the other hand, corresponds to the "borderline" economy and its decompensation leads to a deformation of the ego, with the onset of more or less severe forms of splitting.
Otto Kernberg's work on character forms part of his studies of borderline functioning. In "A psychoanalytic classification of character pathology" (1970), he proposed a classification of character pathologies with three levels of severity, corresponding to the level of development of the drives, the superego or the ego, or the more or less pathological nature of the character traits. The three levels of severity that he distinguishes are reminiscent of the levels of mentalization in Pierre Marty's theory of character neurosis.
The issues raised by character traits continue to be of interest to the French psychosomaticians among others. In "Névrose de caractère et mentalisation" (Character neurosis and mentalization) for example, Michel Fain (1997) argued that the disappearance of a character trait indicates a dementalization occurring in an essential depression rather than the resolution of a neurotic process.
Bibliography
Abraham, Karl. (1927). A short study of the development of the libido. Selected papers of Karl Abraham. London: Hogarth. (Original work published 1924)
Bergeret, Jean. (1976). Personnalités normales et pathologiques: Les structures mentales, le caractère, les symptômes. Revue française de psychanalyse, 40 (2), 351-370.
Fain, Michel. (1997). Névrose de caractère et mentalisation. Rev. française de psychosomatique, 11, 7-17.
Fenichel, Otto. (1945). The psychoanalytic theory of neurosis. New York: W. W. Norton.
——. (1900a). The interpretation of dreams. SE, 4-5.
——. (1905d).Three essays on the theory of sexuality. SE, 7: 123-243.
——. (1908b). Character and anal erotism. SE, 9: 167-175.
——. (1913i). The disposition to obsessional neurosis: A contribution to the problem of choice of neurosis. SE, 12: 311-326.
——. (1916d). Some character-types met with in psychoanalytic work, SE, 14: 309-333.
——. (1923b). The ego and the id. SE, 19: 1-66.
——. (1931a). Libidinal types. SE, 21: 215-220.
——. (1933a). New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. SE, 22: 1-182.
——. (1937c). Analysis terminable and interminable. SE, 23: 209-253.
Kernberg, Otto. (1970). A psychoanalytic classification of character pathology. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 18, 800-822.
Marty, Pierre. (1963). La psychosomatique de l'adulte. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Reich, Wilhelm. (1945). Character analysis: Principles and technique for psychoanalysts in practice and in training (Theodore P. Wolfe, Trans.). New York: Orgone Institute Press. (Original work published 1933)
—ROBERT ASSÉO
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A person in a literary work. For example, Ebenezer Scrooge is a character in A Christmas Carol, by Charles Dickens.
Word Tutor:
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character
IN BRIEF: A person in a book, story or play. Also: The combination of qualities or features that distinguishes one person, group, or thing from another.
The main character in the play was very well acted.
LearnThatWord.com is a free vocabulary and spelling program where you only pay for results!
Sign Language Videos:
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character
as in: an moral character
sign description: The C-hand makes a small circle on the chest.
sign description: The C-hand makes a small circle on the chest.
Quotes About:
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Character
Quotes:
"The highest qualities of character must be earned."
- Lyman Abbott
"It is in the character of very few men to honor without envy a friend who has prospered."
- Aeschylus
"Honor is the inner garment of the Soul; the first thing put on by it with the flesh, and the last it layeth down at its separation from it."
- Akhenaton
"Be thou incapable of change in that which is right, and men will rely upon thee. Establish unto thyself principles of action; and see that thou ever act according to them. First know that thy principles are just, and then be thou"
- Akhenaton
"It is not what he had, or even what he does which expresses the worth of a man, but what he is."
- Henri Frederic Amiel
"The quality of strength lined with tenderness is an unbeatable combination, as are intelligence and necessity when unblunted by formal education."
- Maya Angelou
See more famous quotes about Character
Wiley Dictionary of Flavors:
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Character
ol>
See Attribute.
Saunders Veterinary Dictionary:
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character
A quality or attribute indicative of the nature of an object or an organism.
1. in genetics, the expression of a gene or group of genes as seen in a phenotype.
2. in wool the evenness of the crimp.
- acquired c. — a noninheritable modification produced in an animal as a result of its own activities or of environmental influences.
- c. data — alphanumeric data.
- dominant c. — a mendelian character that is expressed when it is transmitted by a single gene.
- mendelian c's — in genetics, the separate and distinct traits exhibited by an animal or plant and dependent on the genetic constitution of the organism.
- primary sex c's — those characters of the male and female directly concerned in reproduction.
- recessive c. — a mendelian character that is expressed only when transmitted by both genes (one from each parent) determining the trait.
- secondary sex c's — those characters specific to the male and female but not directly concerned in reproduction.
- sex-conditioned c., sex-influenced c. — an autosomal trait whose full expression is conditioned by the sex of the individual, e.g. human baldness.
- sex-linked c. — one transmitted consistently to individuals of one sex only, being carried in the sex chromosome.
Mosby's Dental Dictionary:
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character
n
One of a set of elementary symbols that may be arranged in groups to express information. They may include the decimal digits 0 to 9, the letters A to Z, punctuation marks, operation symbols, and any other single symbol that a computer may read, store, or write.
Random House Word Menu:
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categories related to 'characterless'
See crossword solutions for the clue Wikipedia on Answers.com:
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Character (mathematics)
In mathematics, a character is (most commonly) a special kind of function from a group to a field (such as the complex numbers). There are at least two distinct, but overlapping meanings. Other uses of the word "character" are almost always qualified.
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Contents
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Multiplicative character
A multiplicative character (or linear character, or simply character) on a group G is a group homomorphism from G to the multiplicative group of a field (Artin 1966), usually the field of complex numbers. If G is any group, then the set Ch(G) of these morphisms forms an abelian group under pointwise multiplication.
This group is referred to as the character group of G. Sometimes only unitary characters are considered (thus the image is in the unit circle); other such homomorphisms are then called quasi-characters. Dirichlet characters can be seen as a special case of this definition.
Multiplicative characters are linearly independent, i.e. if 
are different characters on a group G then from 
it follows that 
.
Examples
- Consider the (ax + b)-group
-
- Functions fu : G → C such that
where u ranges over complex numbers C are multiplicative characters.
- Consider the multiplicative group of positive real numbers (R+,·). Then functions fu : (R+,·) → C such that fu(a) = au, where a is an element of (R+, ·) and u ranges over complex numbers C, are multiplicative characters.
Character of a representation
Main article: Character theory
The character of a representation φ of a group G on a finite-dimensional vector space V over a field F is the trace of the representation φ (Serre 1977). In general, the trace is not a group homomorphism, nor does the set of traces form a group. The characters of one-dimensional representations are identical to one-dimensional representations, so the above notion of multiplicative character can be seen as a special case of higher dimensional characters. The study of representations using characters is called "character theory" and one dimensional characters are also called "linear characters" within this context.
See also
- Dirichlet character
- Harish-Chandra character
- Hecke character
- Infinitesimal character
- Alternating character
References
- Artin, Emil (1966), Galois Theory, Notre Dame Mathematical Lectures, number 2, Arthur Norton Milgram (Reprinted Dover Publications, 1997), ISBN 978-0-486-62342-9
- Serre, Jean-Pierre (1977), Linear Representations of Finite Groups, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-90190-6.
External links
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
Translations:
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Character
Dansk (Danish)
n. - karakter, person, type, ry, stilling, tegn, skrifttegn
v. tr. - præge, skrive, beskrive
adj. - karakter-
idioms:
- character actor karakterskuespiller
- character assassination systematisk nedrakning
- character set tegnsæt
- in character i stilen, i rollen
- out of character udenfor rollen, upsykologisk
Nederlands (Dutch)
karakter, letterteken, personage, (goede) reputatie, figuur, referentie
Français (French)
n. - caractère, réputation, (Littérat, Théât, TV) personnage, individu, numéro (fam), figure (locale), (Comput, Imprim) caractère
v. tr. - décrire, inscrire, graver (arch)
adj. - de caractères
idioms:
- character actor acteur de genre
- character assassination dénigrement
- character set (Comput, Imprim) police de caractère
- in character dans le rôle
- out of character (agir) de façon surprenante
Deutsch (German)
n. - Charakter, Ruf, Zeugnis, Schriftzeichen, Gestalt, Original
v. - beschreiben, charakterisieren
adj. - Charakter...
idioms:
- character actor Charakterdarsteller
- character assassination Rufmord
- character set Zeichensatz
- in character typisch
- out of character untypisch
Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - χαρακτήρας, υπόληψη, περιωπή, (τυπογρ.) στοιχείο, χαρακτήρας, γραφικός χαρακτήρας
idioms:
- character actor καρατερίστας
- character assassination διασυρμός
- character set (Η/Υ) σύνολο μηχανογραφικών χαρακτήρων (π.χ. ASCII ή EBCDIC)
- in character ταιριαστός, προσιδιάζων
- out of character ανάρμοστος, ασυμβίβαστος ή αταίριαστος προς τον χαρακτήρα
Italiano (Italian)
indole, carattere, figura, personaggio
idioms:
- character actor attore brillante
- character assassination calunnia, diffamazione
- in character coerente
- judgment of character conoscenza degli uomini
- out of character non appropriato
Português (Portuguese)
n. - personagem (m), personalidade (f), caractere (m)
idioms:
- character actor ator (m) de personagens especiais
- character assassination destruição (f) maldosa de reputação
- in character adequado
- judgment of character julgamento (m) moral
- out of character inadequado
Русский (Russian)
характер, качество, символ, персонаж
idioms:
- character actor актер всегда в одинаковых ролях
- character assassination подрыв репутации
- in character в (его) духе
- judgment of character дело в характере
- out of character не в (его) стиле
Español (Spanish)
n. - índole, personalidad, naturaleza, carácter, tipo, sujeto, individuo
v. tr. - grabar, esculpir, imprimir, describir, indicar
adj. - de carácter
idioms:
- character actor actor de carácter
- character assassination difamación, asesinato moral
- character set juego de caracteres (e.g.de un teclado)
- in character típico de
- out of character no ser nada característico de, inusitado, desusado
Svenska (Swedish)
n. - karaktär, karaktärsfasthet, anseende, ställning, personlighet, (diktad) person, kännetecken (naturv.), märke, skrifttecken
中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
个性, 人物, 字元, 写, 印, 刻, 有个性的
idioms:
- character actor 性格演员
- character assassination 诽谤人格
- character set 字符组, 符号组
- in character 适合, 相称
- out of character 与自身特性不相符, 非所预料
中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 個性, 人物, 字元
v. tr. - 寫, 印, 刻
adj. - 有個性的
idioms:
- character actor 性格演員
- character assassination 誹謗人格
- character set 字元組, 符號組
- in character 適合, 相稱
- out of character 與自身特性不相符, 非所預料
한국어 (Korean)
n. - 특성, 인격, 문자
v. tr. - 묘사하다, 새기다
adj. - (극장 등에서) 배우의 특이한 특질을 나타내는
idioms:
- in character 격에 맞게, 어울리게
日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 性格, 人格, 品性, 特質, 文字, 字体, 登場人物, 人物, 地位, 評判, 人物証明書, 特性
idioms:
- character actor 性格俳優
- character assassination 中傷, 人身攻撃
- in character その人らしく, 役にはまった
- judgment of character 性格判断
- out of character 役に不向きな, 柄にない
العربيه (Arabic)
(الاسم) حرف, علامه, شخصيه, طبع, سمعه, صيت
עברית (Hebrew)
n. - אופי, טבע, טיפוס, אות, סימן, פרסום, דמות, שם, תעודת-אופי, תו
v. tr. - חרט, תיאר (מיושן)
adj. - מייצג או מציג טיפוס מסוים
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International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. Copyright © 2005 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Dictionary of Cultural Literacy: Grammar
The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Edited by E.D. Hirsch, Jr., Joseph F. Kett, and
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article Character (mathematics).
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