Cheshire

 

(chĕsh'ər) , county (1991 pop. 937,300), 901 sq mi (2,334 sq km), W central England. The county seat is Chester. The terrain is generally low, flat, and fertile. Its chief rivers are the Mersey and the Dee, which separates Cheshire from Wales. The Wirral peninsula divides the estuaries of the two rivers. The county is important agriculturally and industrially. It engages extensively in dairy farming and grows potatoes and wheat. Chief industries are;l engineering, salt mining, shipbuilding, oil refining, and the manufacture of railroad cars, textiles, textile machinery, soap, paper, and chemicals. The principal industrial centers include Northwich, Crewe, and Macclesfield.

Cheshire was made a palatinate by William I and maintained some of its privileges as such until 1830. The numerous black-and-white-timbered manor houses attest to the county's prosperity in the 16th and 17th cent. In the last century the population of the county greatly increased with the industrialization and suburbanization of the Wirral peninsula and the part of Cheshire just S of Manchester.

In 1974, most of Cheshire became part of the new nonmetropolitan county of Cheshire; NW Cheshire (including Birkenhead) became part of the former metropolitan county of Merseyside, and NE Cheshire (including Stockport) became part of the former metropolitan county of Greater Manchester. In 1998, Halton and Warrington in N Cheshire became administratively independent of the county.

Cheshire
Geography
Status	Ceremonial & (smaller) Non-metropolitan county
Region	North West England
Area - Total - Admin. council - Admin. area	Ranked 25th  km² ( sq mi) Ranked 25th  km² ( sq mi)
Admin HQ	Chester
ISO 3166-2	GB-CHS
ONS code	13
NUTS 3	UKD22
Demographics
Population - Total (2006 est.) - Density - Admin. council - Admin. pop.	Ranked 19th 999,800 /km² (/sq mi) Ranked 14th 686,300
Ethnicity	98.3% White, 1.7% Other.
Politics
Cheshire County Council http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/
Executive	Conservative
Members of Parliament	Gwyneth Dunwoody (L) Mike Hall (L) Helen Jones (L) Andrew Miller (L) Stephen O'Brien (C) George Osborne (C) Christine Russell (L) Helen Southworth (L) Derek Twigg (L) Ann Winterton (C) Nicholas Winterton (C)
Districts
Ellesmere Port and Neston Chester Crewe and Nantwich Congleton Macclesfield Vale Royal Halton (Unitary) Warrington (Unitary)

Cheshire (or, archaically, the County of Chester)^[1] is a county in North West England. The county town, and the location of the county council, is the city of Chester^[2], although Cheshire's largest town in terms of size and population is Warrington. Other major towns include Congleton, Crewe, Ellesmere Port, Runcorn, Macclesfield, Northwich, and Wilmslow^[3]. The county is bordered by Merseyside and Greater Manchester to the north, Derbyshire to the east, Staffordshire and Shropshire to the south, Flintshire and Wrexham in Wales to the west.

The ceremonial county has an overall area of 2,343 square kilometres and has a population of approximately 993,200.

The county is mostly rural with a number of small towns and villages that support an agricultural industry. It is historically famous for the production of Cheshire cheese ^[4], salt, bulk chemicals and the weaving of silk.

History

Main article: History of Cheshire

Cheshire in the Domesday Book was recorded as a larger county than it is today. It included two hundreds which later became part of Wales: Atiscross and Exestan.^[5] The area in between the Mersey and Ribble (referred to in the Domesday Book as "Inter Ripam et Mersham") formed part of the returns for Cheshire.^[6][7] Although some have taken this to mean that, at this time, south Lancashire was part of Cheshire,^[7][8] more exhaustive research indicates that the boundary between Cheshire and what was to become Lancashire remained the river Mersey.^[9][10][11] With minor variations in spelling across sources, the complete list of hundreds of Cheshire at this time are: Atiscross, Bochelau, Chester, Dudestan, Exestan, Hamestan, Middlewich, Riseton, Roelau, Tunendune, Warmundestrou, and Wilaveston.^[12]

In 1182 the land north of the Mersey became administered as part of the new county of Lancashire, thus resolving any uncertainty about the county in which the land "Inter Ripam et Mersham" was.^[13]. Over the years the ten hundreds consolidated and changed names to leave just seven — Broxton, Bucklow, Eddisbury, Macclesfield, Nantwich, Northwich, and Wirral^[14].

Through the Local Government Act 1972 which came into effect in 1974, some areas in the north west became part of the metropolitan counties of Greater Manchester and Merseyside^[15]. Stockport (previously a county borough), Hyde, Dukinfield and Stalybridge in the north-east became part of Greater Manchester. Much of the Wirral Peninsula in the north-west, including the county boroughs of Birkenhead and Wallasey, joined Merseyside. At the same time the Tintwistle Rural District was transferred to Derbyshire. The area of Lancashire south of the Merseyside/Greater Manchester area, including Widnes and the county borough of Warrington was added to the new non-metropolitan county of Cheshire^[16].

Halton and Warrington became unitary authorities independent of Cheshire County Council on 1 April 1998, but remain part of Cheshire for ceremonial purposes, as well as fire and policing^[17].

A referendum for a further local government reform connected with an elected regional assembly was planned for 2004, but was abandoned -

See also: Northern England referendum, 2004).

As part of a 2002 marketing campaign, the plant conservation charity Plantlife chose the cuckooflower as the county flower.

Buildings and structures

Prehistoric burial grounds can be found at The Bridestones, near Congleton (Neolithic) and Robin Hood's Tump, near Alpraham (Bronze Age).^[18] The remains of Iron Age hill forts are found on sandstone ridges at several locations in Cheshire. Examples include Maiden Castle on Bickerton Hill, Helsby Hillfort and Woodhouse Hillfort at Frodsham. The Roman fortress and walls of Chester, perhaps the earliest building works in Cheshire remaining above ground, are constructed from purple-grey sandstone.^[19]

The distinctive local red sandstone has been used for many monumental and ecclesiastical buildings throughout the county, for example, the medieval Beeston Castle, Chester Cathedral and numerous parish churches. Occasional residential and industrial buildings, such as Helsby Station, Helsby (1849) are also in this sandstone.

Many surviving buildings from the 15th to 17th centuries are timbered, particularly in the southern part of the county. Notable examples include the moated manor house Little Moreton Hall, dating from around 1450, and many commercial and residential buildings in Chester, Nantwich and surrounding villages.

Early brick buildings include Peover Hall, near Macclesfield (1585), Tattenhall Hall (pre-1622) and Pied Bull Hotel in Chester (17th C). From the 18th century, orange, red or brown brick became the predominant building material used in Cheshire, although earlier buildings are often faced or dressed with stone. Examples from the Victorian period onwards often employ distinctive brick detailing, such as brick patterning and ornate chimney stacks and gables. Notable examples include Arley Hall [1], near Northwich, Willington Hall [2], near Chester (both by Nantwich architect George Latham) and Overleigh Lodge, Chester. From the Victorian era, brick buildings often incorporate timberwork in a mock Tudor style, and this hybrid style has been used in some modern residential developments in the county. Industrial buildings, such as the Macclesfield silk mills (for example, Waters Green New Mill), are also usually in brick.

Physical geography

Main article: Geology of Cheshire

Cheshire covers a boulder clay plain separating the hills of North Wales and the Peak District of Derbyshire. This was formed following the retreat of ice age glaciers which left the area dotted with kettle holes, locally referred to as "meres". The bedrock of this region is almost entirely Triassic sandstone, outcrops of which have long been quarried, notably at Runcorn, providing the distinctive red stone for Liverpool Cathedral and Chester Cathedral.

The eastern half of the county is Upper Triassic Mercia mudstone laid down with large salt deposits which were mined for hundreds of years around Northwich. Separating this area from Lower Triassic Sherwood sandstone to the west is a prominent Sandstone Ridge. A 51 km footpath, the Sandstone Trail, follows this ridge from Frodsham to Whitchurch passing Delamere Forest, Beeston Castle and earlier Iron Age forts.

Demographics

Population

Based on the Census of 2001, the overall population of Cheshire is 673,781, of which 51.3% of the population were male and 48.7% were female. Of those aged between 0-14 years, 51.5% were male and 48.4% were female; and of those aged over 75 years, 62.9% were female and 37.1% were male.

The population density of Cheshire is 3.2 people per hectare, lower than the North West average of 4.2 and the England and Wales average of 3.8. Ellesmere Port and Neston has a greater urban density than the rest of the county with 9.2 people per hectare^[20].

The population for 2021 is forecast to be 708,000^[21].

Ethnicity

Ethnic white groups accounted for 98% (662,794) of the population with 10,994 (2%) in ethnic groups other than white. Of the 2% not in non-white ethnic groups:

• 3,717 (34%) belonged to mixed ethnic groups
• 3,336 (30%) were Asian or Asian British
• 1,076 (10%) were Black or Black British
• 1,826 (17%) were of Chinese ethnic groups
• 1,039 (9%) were of other ethnic groups^[22].

Politics and administration

The area under the control of the county council, or shire county, is divided into a number of local government districts. They are Ellesmere Port and Neston, Chester, Crewe and Nantwich, Congleton, Macclesfield and Vale Royal.^[23][24]

The Department of Communities and Local Government have decided to reorganise Cheshire's administrative structure. Two proposals were being looked at - one to abolish all of the districts to create a Cheshire unitary authority; and one to create two separate unitary authorities, The City of Chester & West Cheshire, and Cheshire East. On 25 July2007, the decision was made to create two unitary authorities. The City of Chester and West Cheshire unitary authority would cover the area currently occupied by the boroughs of Ellesmere Port and Neston, Vale Royal and the City of Chester. The Cheshire East unitary authority would cover the area currently occupied by the boroughs of Congleton, Crewe and Nantwich, and Macclesfield. The changes are planned to be implemented no later than 1 April 2009, subject to a financial assessment of the proposal.^[25]

Halton (which includes the towns of Runcorn and Widnes) and Warrington are unitary authorities which form part of the county for various functions such as Lord Lieutenant and High Sheriff, but do not come under county council control^[26][27].

The ceremonial county, which includes the unitary authorities, borders Merseyside, Greater Manchester, Derbyshire, Staffordshire and Shropshire in England along with Flintshire and Wrexham in Wales, arranged by compass directions as shown in the table. below. Cheshire also forms part of the North West England region.^[28]

Neighbouring Authorities to the Ceremonial County

North-West: Merseyside North: Greater Manchester North-East: Derbyshire West: Wrexham, Flintshire CHESHIRE East: Derbyshire, Staffordshire South-West: Wrexham South: Shropshire South-East: Staffordshire

Religion

Main article: Religion of Cheshire

In the 2001 Census, 81% of the population (542,413) identified themselves as Christian; 124,677 (19%) did not identify with any religion or did not answer the question; 5,665 (1%) as belonging to other major world religions; and 1,033 belonging to other religions^[29].

The boundary of the Church of England Diocese of Chester follows most closely the pre-1974 county boundary of Cheshire, so it includes all of Wirral, Stockport, and the Cheshire panhandle, that included Tintwistle Rural District council area.^[30] In terms of Roman Catholic church administration, the majority of Cheshire falls into the Roman Catholic Diocese of Shrewsbury.^[31]

Economy and industry

Main article: Economy of Cheshire

Cheshire has a diverse economy with significant sectors including agriculture, automotive, bio-technology, chemical, financial services, food and drink, ICT, and tourism. The county is famous for the production of Cheshire cheese, Salt and Silk.

Cheshire is a mainly rural county with a high concentration of villages. Agriculture is generally based around the dairy trade and cattle are the predominant livestock. Land use given to agriculture has fluctuated somewhat, and in 2005 totalled 155,800 hectares over 4,609 holdings. ^[32] Based on holdings by EC farm type in 2005, 851 hectares were allocated to diary farming, with another 1,178 hectares allocated to cattle and sheep.

The chemical industry in Cheshire was founded in the Roman times with the mining of salt in Middlewich and Northwich. Salt is still mined in this area by British Salt. The salt mining has led to a continued chemical industry around Northwich, with Brunner Mond based in the town. More chemical companies, including Ineos (formerly ICI) have plants at Runcorn. The Shell Stanlow Refinery is at Ellesmere Port. The oil refinery has operated since 1924 and has a capacity of 12 million tonnes per year.

Crewe was once the centre of the British railway industry, and remains a major railway junction. The Crewe railway works, built in 1840, employed 20000 people at its peak, though this is now less than 1000. Crewe is also the home of Bentley cars. Also within Cheshire are manufacturing plants for Jaguar and Vauxhall Motors in Ellesmere Port. The county also has an aircraft industry, with the BAE Systems facility at Woodford Aerodrome, part of BAE System's Military Air Solutions division. The facility designed and constructed Avro Lancaster and Avro Vulcan bombers and the Hawker-Siddeley Nimrod. On the Cheshire border with Flintshire, Wales is the Broughton aircraft factory, more recently associated with Airbus.

Tourism in Cheshire from both within the UK and overseas continues to perform strongly. Over 8 million nights of accommodation (both UK & Overseas) and over 2.8 million visits to Cheshire were recorded during 2003^[33].

At the start of 2003, there were 22,020 VAT registered enterprises in Cheshire, increased by 7% since 1998, many in the Business Services (31.9%) and Wholesale/ Retail (21.7%) sectors. Between 2002 and 2003 the number businesses grew in four sectors: Public Administration and Other Services (6.0%), Hotels & Restaurants (5.1%), Construction (1.7%) and Business Services (1.0%)^[34]. The county saw the largest proportional reduction between 2001 and 2002 in employment in the 'Energy and Water' sector and there was also a significant reduction in the Manufacturing sector. The largest growth during this period was in the 'Other Services' and 'Distribution, Hotels and Retail' sector^[35].

Culture, media and sport

Cheshire has several league football teams, notably League One Crewe Alexandra and League Two Chester City and Macclesfield Town. Cheshire County Cricket Club is one of the minor county cricket clubs. The county has also been home to many notable sportsmen and athletes, including footballers Dean Ashton (West Ham), Djibril Cissé (France and Olympique de Marseille), Peter Crouch (England and Liverpool), Seth Johnson (Derby County) Michael Owen (England and Newcastle United) and Wayne Rooney (England and Manchester United). Other local athletes include cricketer Ian Botham; marathon runner Paula Radcliffe; Great Britain Olympic oarsman Matthew Langridge; Shirley Strong; and mountaineer George Mallory, who died in 1924 on Mount Everest.

The county has produced several notable musicians, including popular artists Ian Astbury (The Cult), Tim Burgess (Charlatans), Ian Curtis (Joy Division) and Kerry Katona (Atomic Kitten). Concert pianist Stephen Hough, singer Thea Gilmore and her producer husband Nigel Stonier also reside in Cheshire. The county has also been home to several writers, including Hall Caine (1853-1931), popular romantic novelist and playwright; Alan Garner; Victorian novelist Elizabeth Gaskell, whose novel Cranford features her home town of Knutsford; and most famously Lewis Carroll, born and raised in Daresbury, hence the Cheshire cat. Artists from the county include ceramic artist Emma Bossons and sculptor and photographer Andy Goldsworthy. Actors from Cheshire include Daniel Craig, the 6th James Bond; Dame Wendy Hiller; and Lewis McGibbon, best known for his role in Millions.

Warrington Wolves are the premier Rugby League team in Cheshire and play in the Super League. Widnes Vikings are currently in National League One.

Notable Residents

Thomas Brassey (1805-1870), civil engineering contractor, was born in Buerton. Sir John Brunner (1842-1919) co-founded the chemical works of Brunner Mond & Company at Northwich and was MP for the Northwich constituency. Sir John Chesshyre (1662-1738), lawyer, was born near Runcorn and was buried in Runcorn parish church. Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley is buried at Dodleston, Cheshire.

Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster, lives at Eaton Hall near Chester. Emma Hamilton (Lady Hamilton) was born in the county. Thomas Hazlehurst (1779-1842) established the soap and alkali manufacturing business of Hazlehurst & Sons in Runcorn. Thomas Hazlehurst (1816-1876), son of the above, paid for the building of 12 Methodist chapels and 3 schools in the Runcorn area. Robert Spear Hudson (1812-1884), manufacturer of soap powder, lived in Bache Hall, Chester. George Ormerod (1785-1873), historian, lived in Chorlton House near Chester while he wrote his History of Cheshire. Harriet Shaw Weaver (1876-1961), political activist and patron of James Joyce, was born in Frodsham.

• Gary Barlow (1971-2005), solo artist, songwriter and frontman for Take That.[3]
• Wayne Rooney (2005- ), Manchester United and England footballer.[4]

Settlements and communications

Settlements

Main article: List of places in Cheshire

Some northern parts of the county are effectively suburbs of Manchester or Liverpool, and many of those who work in these cities commute from other parts of the county. The county is home to some of the most affluent areas of England, including Alderley Edge, Wilmslow, Prestbury, Tarporley and Knutsford. Knutsford was named in 2006 as the most expensive place to buy a house in the north of England. The former Cheshire town of Altrincham was in second place. The area is sometimes referred to as The Golden Triangle on account of the area in and around the above mentioned towns and villages^[36].

The cities and towns in Cheshire are:

Ceremonial county	District	Centre of administration	Other components
Cheshire	Chester (city borough)	Chester	Malpas, Tarvin
	Congleton (borough)	Sandbach	Alsager, Congleton, Middlewich
	Crewe and Nantwich (borough)	Crewe	Nantwich,
	Ellesmere Port and Neston (borough)	Ellesmere Port	Neston
	Halton (borough) (unitary)	Widnes	Daresbury, Hale, Moore, Preston Brook, Runcorn,
	Macclesfield (borough)	Macclesfield	Adlington, Bollington, Disley, Gawsworth, Hurdsfield, Kerridge, Knutsford, Pott Shrigley, Poynton, Prestbury, Rainow, Styal, Sutton Tytherington, Wilmslow
	Vale Royal (borough)	Winsford	Frodsham, Northwich, Whitegate
	Warrington (borough) (Unitary)	Warrington	Appleton, Birchwood, Burtonwood and Westbrook, Croft, Cuerdley, Culcheth and Glazebury, Grappenhall and Thelwall, Great Sankey, Hatton, Lymm, Penketh, Poulton-with-Fearnhead, Rixton-with-Glazebrook, Stockton Heath, Stretton, Walton, Winwick, Woolston

Some settlements which were historically part of the county now fall under the counties of Derbyshire, Merseyside and Greater Manchester:^{[37] [38] [39] [40]}

Derbyshire	Newtown, Tintwistle, Whaley Bridge (western part)
Greater Manchester	Altrincham, Bramhall, Bredbury, Cheadle, Cheadle Hulme, Dukinfield, Gatley, Hazel Grove, Hyde, Marple, Romiley, Sale, Stalybridge, Stockport, Wythenshawe
Merseyside	Bebington, Birkenhead, Heswall, Hoylake, Wallasey, West Kirby

Transport

The West Coast Main Line runs from south to north through the centre of the county, connecting Crewe, Warrington Bank Quay and Wigan North Western railway stations with London, Preston and Glasgow. The Mid-Cheshire Line connects Chester to Stockport, crossing from south west to north east across the county. Manchester Airport straddles the boundary between Greater Manchester and Cheshire.

The Cheshire road system is made up of 3417 miles (5500 km) of highway. This includes 214 miles (344 km) of the M6, M62, M53 and M56 motorways with 23 interchanges and four service areas. The M6 motorway in the across the Thelwall Viaduct carries some 140,000 vehicles per 24 hours. ^[41].

The Cheshire canal system includes several canals originally used to transport the county's industrial products (mostly chemicals). Nowadays they are mainly used for tourist traffic. The Cheshire Ring is formed from The Rochdale, Ashton, Peak Forest, Macclesfield, Trent and Mersey and Bridgewater canals. The Manchester Ship Canal is a wide, 36-mile-long river opened in 1894. It consists of the River Irwell and River Mersey made navigable to Manchester for seagoing ships leaving the Mersey Estuary. The canal passes through the north of the county via Runcorn and Warrington.

See also

• List of places in Cheshire
• List of schools in Cheshire
• Canals in Cheshire
• Recreational walks in Cheshire
• Cheshire cat

Notes and References

External links

• Office of National Statistics - 2001 Bicentenary - Cheshire
• Cheshire Wildlife Trust
• Cheshire Canals
• The Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire

Ceremonial county of Cheshire
Cheshire Portal
Unitary authorities	Halton • Warrington
Boroughs/Districts	Chester • Congleton • Crewe and Nantwich • Ellesmere Port and Neston • Macclesfield • Vale Royal
Cities/Towns	Alsager • Bollington • Birchwood • Chester • Congleton • Crewe • Ellesmere Port • Frodsham • Knutsford • Macclesfield • Middlewich • Nantwich • Neston • Northwich • Runcorn • Sandbach • Warrington • Widnes • Wilmslow • Winsford See also: List of civil parishes in Cheshire

Ceremonial counties of England
Counties of the Lieutenancies Act 1997 Bedfordshire • Berkshire • City of Bristol • Buckinghamshire • Cambridgeshire • Cheshire • Cornwall • Cumbria •