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chloride

 
Dictionary: chlo·ride   (klôr'īd', klōr'-) pronunciation
n.
A binary compound of chlorine.

chloridic chlo·rid'ic (klə-rĭd'ĭk) adj.

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Columbia Encyclopedia: chloride
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chloride (klōr'īd, klôr'-), chemical compound containing chlorine. Most chlorides are salts that are formed either by direct union of chlorine with a metal or by reaction of hydrochloric acid (a water solution of hydrogen chloride) with a metal, a metal oxide, or an inorganic base. Chloride salts include sodium chloride (common salt), potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and ammonium chloride. Most chloride salts are readily soluble in water, but mercurous chloride (calomel) and silver chloride are insoluble, and lead chloride is only slightly soluble. Some chlorides, e.g., antimony chloride and bismuth chloride, decompose in water, forming oxychlorides. Many metal chlorides can be melted without decomposition; two exceptions are the chlorides of gold and platinum. Most metal chlorides conduct electricity when fused or dissolved in water and can be decomposed by electrolysis to chlorine gas and the metal. Chlorine forms compounds with the other halogens and with oxygen; when chlorine is the more electronegative element in the compound, the compound is called a chloride. Thus, compounds with bromine and iodine are bromine chloride, BrCl, and iodine chloride, ICI, but compounds with oxygen or fluorine (which are more electronegative than chlorine) are oxides (e.g., chlorine dioxide, ClO2) or fluorides (e.g., chlorine fluoride, ClF) respectively. Many organic compounds contain chlorine, as is indicated by common names such as carbon tetrachloride, methylene chloride, and methyl chloride. However, in the nomenclature system for organic chemistry adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the presence in a compound of chlorine bonded to a carbon atom is indicated by the prefix or infix chloro; thus, carbon tetrachloride is tetrachloromethane, methylene chloride is dichloromethane, and methyl chloride is chloromethane.


Veterinary Dictionary: chloride
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1. a salt of hydrochloric acid; any binary compound of chlorine.
2. the principal anion in extracellular fluid and gastric juice.
Because of its domination of the anions in extracellular and intravascular fluid, it has profound importance for acid–base balance and for the regulation of osmotic pressure in these fluid compartments.

  • c. pump — an active secretory process at a barrier membrane that facilitates the transfer of chloride ions across the membrane.
  • c. shift — diffusion of chloride ions from the plasma into the erythrocytes to compensate for the loss of bicarbonate ions from the cells as a result of carbon dioxide metabolism. Called also Hamburger shift.
Wikipedia: Chloride
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The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form an anion (negatively-charged ion) Cl. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and can also be called chlorides.

Contents

Terminology

The word chloride can also refer to a chemical compound in which one or more chlorine atoms are covalently bonded in the molecule. This means that chlorides can be either inorganic or organic compounds. The simplest example of an inorganic covalently-bonded chloride is hydrogen chloride, HCl. A simple example of an organic covalently-bonded (an organochloride) chloride is chloromethane (CH3Cl), often called methyl chloride.

Uses

In the petroleum industry, the chlorides are a closely monitored constituent of the mud system. The increase of the chlorides in the mud system could indicate the possibility of drilling into a high-pressure saltwater formation. Its increase can also indicate the poor quality of a target sand.

Chloride is also a useful and reliable chemical indicator of river / groundwater fecal contamination, as chloride is a non-reactive solute and ubiquitous to sewage & potable water.[citation needed]

Example

An example is table salt, which is sodium chloride with the chemical formula NaCl. In water, it dissolves into Na+ and Cl ions.

Other examples of inorganic covalently-bonded chlorides that are used as reactants are:

A chloride ion is also the prosthetic group present in the Amylase molecule.

Human health

Chloride is a chemical the human body needs for metabolism (the process of turning food into energy).[1] It also helps keep the body's acid-base balance. The amount of chloride in the blood is carefully controlled by the kidneys. Further reading:Renal chloride reabsorption

Chloride ions have important physiological roles. For instance, in the central nervous system, the inhibitory action of glycine and some of the action of GABA relies on the entry of Cl into specific neurons. Also, the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger biological transport protein relies on the chloride ion to increase the blood's capacity of carbon dioxide, in the form of the bicarbonate ion.

The normal blood reference range of chloride for adults in most labs is 95 to 105 milliequivalents (mEq) per liter. The normal range may vary slightly from lab to lab. Normal ranges are usually shown next to your results in the lab report.

Reference ranges for blood tests, showing blood content of chloride at far right in the spectrum.

The North American Dietary Reference Intake recommends a daily intake of between 2300 and 3600 mg/day for 25-year-old males.

References


Translations: Chloride
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Dansk (Danish)
n. - klorid

Nederlands (Dutch)
chloride, bleekmiddel

Français (French)
n. - chlorure

Deutsch (German)
n. - (chem.) Chlorid, chloridhaltiges Bleichmittel

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - χλωρίδιο

Italiano (Italian)
cloruro

Português (Portuguese)
n. - cloreto (m) (Quím.)

Русский (Russian)
хлорид

Español (Spanish)
n. - cloruro

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - klorid

中文(简体)(Chinese (Simplified))
氯化物

中文(繁體)(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 氯化物

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 염화물

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 塩化物

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) كلوريد‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮חומצת מלח, כלוריד‬


 
 

 

Copyrights:

Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
Columbia Encyclopedia. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2003, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/ Read more
Veterinary Dictionary. Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary 3rd Edition. Copyright © 2007 by D.C. Blood, V.P. Studdert and C.C. Gay, Elsevier. All rights reserved.  Read more
Wikipedia. This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Chloride" Read more
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