Christine Todd Whitman: Biography from Answers.com

Christine Todd Whitman (born c. 1947) managed to defeat her opponent, James Florio, the incumbent Governor of New Jersey, with very little political experience.

From the beginning, Whitman was perceived as a long shot for the office - a woman and a Republican was considered an awkward mix. She advocated sweeping tax cuts, as well as abortion rights. And, in the beginning of her campaign, her platform was very disorganized. However, Florio had so offended his constituents by raising taxes and reacting slowly to the plummeting economy in his state, that in the end Whitman won.

Whitman has definitely been characterized as a woman of privilege - a millionaire who made much of her money on Wall Street. She descended from a well-to-do family with strong ties to the Republican party. Whitman's husband also has ties to the Republican party - his grandfather was once governor of New York. Whitman's siblings have also been involved in politics.

Whitman was not a career politician by any means when she ran for the New Jersey governor's office. Her only previous political experience had been winning election to the Somerset County Board of Chosen Freeholders, which is the governing body of that county. She served there for five years. Republican governor Thomas H. Kean subsequently appointed her to the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities, where she served until 1990.

That year she took a major plunge into the political spotlight by running against New Jersey Democratic senator Bill Bradley, a very popular incumbent. It seemed at first that she would be token opposition against Bradley. However, Florio had just been elected as governor, and as such raised taxes by $2.8 billion and instigated an unpopular increase in the state sales tax. This infuriated many New Jersey residents. Whitman kept her campaign focused on Florio's unpopular tax hikes, instead of on Bradley's work. Her technique succeeded, and she won an unprecedented 47 percent of the vote - hardly the margin of an "easy walkover" opponent.

Her finish in this campaign put her in an excellent position to run for the governor's office. She had such an impressive showing against Bradley that she was considered a prime contender. And Florio's tax policies would make her job easier. After his tax program went into effect, New Jersey dove into a recession deeper than that being experienced by the rest of the country. "Rarely has a state fallen so quickly from economic grace… . Its … disaster is entirely Florio-made," wrote Malcolm S. Forbes, Jr. in a Forbes editorial.

Florio's approval rating plunged to 20 percent. In 1991, the Democrats lost their majority in the state legislature, for the first time in 20 years. This made Florio's job even more difficult, since his ideas went against the politics of the Congress. They tried to repeal a sales tax increase, he vetoed it; they tried to repeal a ban on semiautomatic weapons, he vetoed it. When election time rolled around in 1993, Florio had an unimpressive approval rating of roughly 50 percent. However, he had the backing of the newly-elected president, Bill Clinton.

But Whitman's campaign was not without foibles either. She hired Larry McCarthy as her media consultant in August of 1993, to the outrage of many - he was responsible for the allegedly racist "Willie Horton" advertisements which aired during George Bush's campaign against Michael Dukakis. In response, Whitman countered that someone else had been in charge of the infamous ads, but McCarthy soon quit. While the controversy simmered, Whitman removed herself to go on a remote biking trip in Idaho.

Another scandal broke after she released her tax returns, which indicated that she and her husband had grossed an impressive $3.7 million in 1992. This fact made it harder for Whitman to seem like a "regular person" to the voters. Journalists also called into question her use of two rural homes as working farms. To respond to this, Whitman conducted a press party at one of the properties. Reporters found themselves at a real down-home event, with baked beans being served, and Whitman conducting tours in blue jeans. Her candor about the matter and willingness to answer questions scored points with many people.

Another problem with Whitman's campaign was her perceived lack of direction. It took her a long time to put together a clear tax package that would appeal to voters. In September of 1993 she finally unveiled her economic plan, which included many tax cuts, including one to slash income taxes 30 percent over several years. While the news sounded good, the voters seemed skeptical rather than enthused.

Whitman also attacked Florio's record on social programs. In a move to gain favor with conservatives, Florio had advocated making tighter restrictions on welfare allocations to mothers. One of the proposed changes involved forcing the women into naming the fathers of their babies. Outraged, Whitman attacked his ideas. "What is the governor's next idea in his headlong rush to embrace right-wing radicalism?" she was quoted as asking in Congressional Quarterly. "A program of tattoos for welfare mothers? A badge sewn on to their clothing identifying them as welfare recipients?" Her tactics backfired, however, when the Florio camp countered with angry letters from Jewish leaders who were outraged at Whitman's use of a Holocaust analogy for comparison.

Malcolm Forbes, one of Whitman's campaign advisers, wrote that "What makes Mrs. Whitman's tax ideas and approach so different, indeed so truly breathtaking, is that she plans to make her tax cuts the core of the budgeting process. Spending decisions will be made around the cuts, not vice-versa." Despite news like this, the public for the most part remained unconvinced, and the race was very close in the month leading up to the election.

Something changed that helped Whitman turn around the election. As her campaign gained momentum, she put increasing confidence into her campaign manager, Ed Rollins. A political analyst who had helped achieve Ronald Reagan's 1984 win, Rollins became a controversial figure when he switched camps to assist H. Ross Perot in his 1992 presidential bid. Shortly after taking the job with Perot, he left in disgust. In the last weeks of Whitman's campaign, Rollins simply took the reins, and immediately began to reorganize her campaign approach. "For much of the campaign," according to Congressional Quarterly, "Whitman seemed unable or even unwilling to capitalize on the anyone-but-Florio sentiment." Rollins changed all that by focusing on Florio's unpopular record in her stump speeches. Rollins also advised her to keep her own promises on the back burner, because she had encountered so much skepticism about them.

The tactic worked. The Eagleton Institute poll showed the incumbent governor as being ahead just one week before election day. But the undecided vote was just too close to call. Whitman won the November 2, 1993 election by just 26,000 votes. Constituents were just too concerned with Florio's previous records to place any confidence in him.

With her long campaign over, Whitman should have been able to breathe a sigh of relief. But, just a short time after the votes were in, Rollins told the press that the reason they had won was because they had paid African-American ministers to suppress the vote among their parishioners. "We went into black churches and we basically said to ministers who had endorsed Florio, 'Do you have a special project? And they said, 'We've already endorsed Florio.' We said, 'That's fine - don't get up on the Sunday pulpit and preach. We know you've endorsed him, but don't get up there and say it's your moral obligation that you go on Tuesday to vote for Jim Florio,"' Rollins was reported as saying in Time. Money was also supposedly paid to election workers in Democratic neighborhoods (who were supposed to be getting people to the polls) to stay home. Rollins bragged that these measures were key in Whitman's election to governor.

His comments unleashed a furor of responses from many people, most notably black ministers. Edward Verner, head of a Newark black minister's organization, commented in Time:" To suggest that the black vote or the black church is up for sale is a racist lie." Whitman herself was appalled, and claimed that her manager's statement was an unequivocated lie. Rollins soon retracted his statements, telling People that his remarks were "an exaggeration that turned out to be inaccurate." However, a federal judge ruled that an investigation would be necessary. Whitman assured the voters that she would agree to a new vote if any illegalities were uncovered.

Rollins's wife, Sherrie, claimed in People that her husband "feels awful about this furor he has created. He did not intend to hurt anyone. He feels so badly for Christie. He did not want to taint her victory." It turned out that no proof could be found to substantiate Rollins's initial claims, and by November 29, 1993, the Democrats abandoned their campaign to have the election results decertified. On January 12, 1994, state and federal investigators ended their investigation into the campaign and deemed Whitman innocent of the charges.

"Don't let the hullabaloo over the alleged antivoting activities of campaign manager Ed Rollins blind the nation to the significance of Christie Whitman's victory last month in the New Jersey gubernatorial election. She won on character and substance," Malcolm Forbes asserted in one of his magazine's editorials. After the election, Whitman went right ahead with her daring tax-cut proposals, even declaring that if they didn't work, she wouldn't run for reelection.

Whitman was very busy making personnel and policy decisions shortly after the Rollins controversy cleared. She made headlines when she added female state troopers to the group who were assigned to protect her and her family. She complained to Governor Florio that he had violated an understanding between the two of them and extended contracts, endorsed salary increases, and appointed people to positions before she took office.

On January 18, 1994, Christine Todd Whitman was officially inaugurated into the office of governor. And she faced serious challenges - the size of New Jersey's deficit had swelled to $1 billion. She nixed a proposal to use taxpayer's money to lure the Philadelphia 76ers from their home in Pennsylvania to Camden, New Jersey, and fully outlined her plans to cut state income taxes. In her inaugural address, she was so bold as to ask the Legislature to put into effect a five-percent tax cut retroactive to January 1. Her campaign promise had been to start cutting taxes by July 1, but she felt it necessary to start her proposals immediately.

Whitman's ultimate goal was to see state income taxes reduced by 30 percent within her first three years in office. She went on record as saying that she hoped these cuts would not force municipalities to raise taxes to cover missing state aid, but also said that she would not be responsible if this did happen.

Whitman outdid herself by reaching her goal in just two years, as opposed to the three she promised. She has also been involved in educational, environmental, and auto insurance reforms, and has taken steps to balance the state budget.

Whitman's popularity has swelled not only in her home state. People named Whitman one of their twenty-five most intriguing people of 1994, calling her "a one-woman political slogan."

Whitman was the first-ever governor chosen by the GOP to give the rebuttal to President Clinton's State of the Union address in 1995. Her audience was impressed with her response and the buzz began about the possibilities of her candidacy for vice president in 1996. Robert Dole, the Republican candidate, ultimately chose Jack Kemp as his running mate.

With ambitious and far-reaching tax plans, Whitman has impressed many political leaders. As Malcolm Forbes commented: "Opponents and pundits underestimated her backbone."

Christine Todd Whitman
Official photo as EPA administrator, c. 2001
50th Governor of New Jersey
In office January 18, 1994 – January 31, 2001
Preceded by	James Florio
Succeeded by	Donald DiFrancesco
9th Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
In office January 31, 2001 – June 27, 2003
President	George W. Bush
Preceded by	Carol Browner
Succeeded by	Marianne Lamont Horinko (Acting) Michael Leavitt

Born	September 26, 1946 (1946-09-26) (age 63) New York City, New York
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	John R. Whitman
Religion	Presbyterian

Early life and family

Whitman was born in New York City and grew up in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, the daughter of Eleanor Prentice Todd (née Schley) and Webster B. Todd, both interested in New Jersey Republican politics. She attended Far Hills Country Day School^[4] and the Chapin School in Manhattan. She graduated from Wheaton College in 1968, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in government. After graduating, she worked on Nelson Rockefeller's presidential campaign.

Whitman is a descendant of two New Jersey political families, the Todds and the Schleys, and related by marriage to New York's politically-active Whitmans. She is married to John R. Whitman, a private equity investor. They have two children. She is the granddaughter-in-law of former Governor of New York Charles S. Whitman. Her maternal grandfather, Reeve Schley, was a member of Wolf's Head Society at Yale and the vice president of Chase Bank when it indeed had only one vice president. He was also a longtime president of the Russian-American Chamber of Commerce.

Whitman's daughter Kate has followed her mother into politics.^[5] Most recently, Kate Whitman ran for the 2008 Republican nomination for New Jersey's 7th District seat in the U.S. House of Representatives, placing second in a primary field of seven candidates with about 20 percent of the vote.^[6] Previously, Kate Whitman served as press secretary for Craig Benson’s 2002 gubernatorial campaign in New Hampshire, and later, communications director for the New Hampshire Republican State Committee.^[7] She also was a Congressional aide^[8] and in 2007, she was named executive director of the Republican Leadership Council, her mother's organization which promotes moderate Republicanism.^[9] Kate Whitman made news in 1998 at the age of 21, while her mother was governor, when she was cited by police in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania for littering.^[10]

Whitman also has a Scottish Terrier named Coors, who is the mother of former president Bush's dog Barney.^{[citation needed]}

Career in politics

Nixon administration and early politics

During the Nixon administration, Whitman worked in the Office of Economic Opportunity under the leadership of Donald Rumsfeld. She conducted a national outreach tour for the Republican National Committee, was Deputy Director of the New York State Office in Washington, and worked on aging issues for the Nixon campaign and administration.^{[citation needed]}

She was appointed to the Board of Trustees of Somerset County College (now Raritan Valley Community College). Elected to two terms on the Somerset County Board of Chosen Freeholders, she served as Deputy Director and Director of the Board. Among her accomplishments as freeholder was construction of a new county courthouse.

From 1988 to 1990 she served as President of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities in the cabinet of Gov. Thomas Kean.

In 1990, Whitman ran for the U.S. Senate against incumbent Bill Bradley, and lost a close election.^[11] She was considered a longshot candidate against the popular Bradley. During her campaign, Whitman criticized the income tax hike proposed by then Gov. James Florio, which Bradley did not take a stance on.

Governor of New Jersey

Whitman ran against incumbent James Florio for governor in 1993, and defeated him by one percentage point to become the first female governor in New Jersey history. She was the second woman and first Republican woman to defeat an incumbent governor in a general election, but was unable to gain a majority of the votes, winning by a plurality. Charges of suppression of minority votes were raised during this campaign.^[12] She was re-elected in 1997, narrowly defeating Jim McGreevey, the mayor of Woodbridge Township, who criticized her record on property taxes and automobile insurance rates. Though earlier considered a safe incumbent, Whitman duplicated her 1993 result with a one-point victory and a plurality of the votes. The governor's narrow margin of victory was credited in large part to the candidacy of conservative Republican and Ramapo College professor Murray Sabrin, who ran as a Libertarian. Sabrin finished third in the race with five percent of the vote, mostly from conservative Republicans who otherwise might have voted for the incumbent Whitman.

Whitman successfully lowered income taxes in New Jersey. The results led to an initial decline in the overall tax burden and suggested that the long-term NJ property tax issue could be addressed. Jim Saxton, in a report to the US congress, argued that New Jersey's income tax cuts improved "the well-being of the New Jersey family" and would not lead to increased property taxes. ^[13] Saxton cited Tim Goodspeed's research and a recent paper published by the Manhattan Institute. He admitted that "a few localities raised [property] taxes," which Goodspeed expected, but both counted on the flypaper effect to mitigate any widespread or persistent increases. These would emerge later.

In 1996, Whitman rejected her Advisory Council's recommendation to spend tax money on a needle exchange, in an effort to reduce the incidence of HIV infections.^[14] In 1997, she rolled back the 1 cent sales tax increase her predecessor Governor Florio had imposed, instituted unspecified education reforms, and removed excise taxes on professional wrestling, which led the World Wrestling Federation to resume holding events in New Jersey. In 1999, Governor Whitman vetoed a bill that outlawed partial birth abortion; the veto was overridden, but the statute was later declared unconstitutional by the courts. In 1999 she also made a cameo appearance on the television show Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.^[15]

In 2000, under Whitman's leadership, New Jersey's violations of the federal one-hour air quality standard for ground level ozone dropped to four from 45 in 1988. Beach closings reached a record low, and the state earned recognition by the Natural Resources Defense Council for instituting the most comprehensive beach monitoring system in the nation. Additionally, New Jersey implemented a new watershed management program and became the United States leader in opening shellfish beds for harvesting. Governor Whitman agreed to give tax money to owners of one million acres (4,000 km²) more of open space and farmland in New Jersey.

In 2000, when Democratic U.S. Senator Frank Lautenberg announced his retirement, Whitman seriously considered being a candidate [1], but ultimately decided against running.

Frisking incident

Governor Whitman frisking Sherron Rolax (1996)

In 1996, Whitman joined a New Jersey State Police patrol in Camden, New Jersey. During the patrol, the officers stopped a 16-year-old African American male named Sherron Rolax, and frisked him. After the police found nothing on him, Whitman also frisked the youth while a state trooper photographed her. In 2000, the image of the smiling governor frisking Rolax was published in newspapers statewide, which drew criticism from civil rights leaders who saw the incident as a violation of Rolax's civil rights and an endorsement by Whitman of racial profiling – especially since Rolax was not arrested or found to be violating any law. Whitman told the press that she regretted the incident and pointed to her 1999 efforts against the New Jersey State Police force's racial profiling practices.

In 2001, Rolax learned about the photograph and sued Whitman in federal court, claiming that the search was illegal and an invasion of privacy. The appeals court agreed that the acts did indeed suggest "an intentional violation" of Rolax's rights, and that he "was detained and used for political purposes by his governor," but upheld the trial court's decision that it was too late to sue.^[16]

Environmental Protection Agency

Whitman was appointed by President George W. Bush as Administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency, taking office on January 31, 2001.^[17]^[18]

Arsenic in drinking water

In January 2001, the Clinton administration in its final weeks declared a new drinking water standard of 0.01 mg/L (10 parts per billion, or ppb) arsenic to take effect January 2006. The old drinking water standard of 0.05 mg/L (equal to 50 ppb) arsenic had been in effect since 1942, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had been studying the pros and cons of lowering the arsenic Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) since the late 1980s.^[19] The incoming Bush administration suspended the midnight regulation, but after some months of study, Whitman approved the new 10 ppb arsenic standard and its original effective date of January 2006.^[20]

Climate change

Under her direction as the first director of the EPA under the Bush administration, in 2001 the EPA produced a report detailing the expected effects of global warming in each of the states in the United States. The report was dismissed by President Bush who called it the work of "the bureaucracy."^[21]

September 11 attacks

Whitman appeared twice in New York City after the September 11 attacks to inform New Yorkers that the toxins released by the attacks posed no threat to their health.^[22] On September 18, the EPA released a report in which Whitman said, "Given the scope of the tragedy from last week, I am glad to reassure the people of New York and Washington, D.C. that their air is safe to breathe and their water is safe to drink." She also said, "The concentrations are such that they don't pose a health hazard...We're going to make sure everybody is safe."^[23] Later, a 2003 report by the EPA's inspector general determined that such assurances were misleading, because the EPA "did not have sufficient data and analyses" to justify the assertions when they were made.^[24] A report in July 2003 from the EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response gave extensive documentation supporting many of the inspector general's conclusions, and carried some of them still further.^[25] Further, the report found that the White House had "convinced EPA to add reassuring statements and delete cautionary ones" by having the National Security Council control EPA communications after the September 11 attacks.^[26]

In February 2006, U.S. District Court Judge Deborah A. Batts issued a ruling that rejected Whitman's request for immunity in a 2004 class action lawsuit brought by a group who claimed exposure to hazardous debris from the collapse of the World Trade Center. The judge stated that "No reasonable person would have thought that telling thousands of people that it was safe to return to lower Manhattan, while knowing that such return could pose long-term health risks and other dire consequences, was conduct sanctioned by our laws," and called Whitman's actions "conscience-shocking."^[27]^[28]

In June 2007, Whitman testified in front of Congress about the Agency's culpability in telling rescue workers that the air was safe. She was repeatedly booed by rescue workers and activists who attended the hearing. She defended herself by saying her statements about the air being safe were to people living or working near the area, not to rescue workers. She also said terrorists, not the EPA, were responsible for the tragedies that befell people after September 11.^[29] In December 2007, legal proceedings began in a case on the question of responsibility of government officials in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks. Whitman is among the defendants in the suit; plaintiffs in the suit allege that Whitman is at fault for saying that the downtown New York air was safe in the aftermath of the attacks.^[30]

In April 2008, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit overruled the district court, holding that as EPA head Whitman could not be held liable for saying to World Trade Center area residents that the air was safe for breathing after the buildings collapse. The court said that Whitman had based her information on contradictory information and statements from President Bush. The U.S. Department of Justice had argued that holding the agency liable would establish a risky legal precedent because future public officials would be afraid to make public statements.

Resignation

On June 27, 2003, after having several public conflicts with the Bush administration, Whitman resigned from her position to spend more time with her family.^[31]^[32]

In an interview in 2007, Whitman stated that Vice President Dick Cheney's insistence on easing air pollution controls, not the personal reasons she cited at the time, led to her resignation.^[33] At the time, he pushed the EPA to institute a new rule allowing large polluting plants to make major alterations without installing costly new pollution controls.^[33] Refusing to sign off on the new rule, Whitman announced her resignation.^[33] Whitman decided that President Bush should have an EPA administrator willing to defend the new rule in court, which she could not bring herself to do.^[33] Federal judges later overturned the new rule, saying it violated the Clean Air Act.^[33]

Political philosophy

In 1993, Whitman helped to found the Committee for Responsible Government (CRG), a political advocacy group espousing moderate positions in the Republican Party. In 1997, the CRG softened its pro-choice stance and renamed itself the Republican Leadership Council.

In early 2005, Whitman released a book entitled It's My Party, Too: Taking Back the Republican Party... And Bringing the Country Together Again in which she criticizes the policies of the George W. Bush administration and its electoral strategy, which she views as divisive. She formed a political action committee called "It's My Party Too" (IMP-PAC), intended to help elect moderate Republicans at all levels of government. IMP-PAC is allied with the Republican Main Street Partnership, The Wish List, the Republican Majority for Choice, Republicans for Choice, Republicans for Environmental Protection and the Log Cabin Republicans. After the 2006 midterm elections, IMP-PAC was merged into RLC-PAC, the Republican Leadership Council's PAC.

Electoral history

New Jersey Gubernatorial Election 1997
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Christine Todd Whitman (incumbent)	1,133,394	46.87
	Democratic	Jim McGreevey	1,107,968	45.82
	Libertarian	Murray Sabrin	114,172	4.72

New Jersey Gubernatorial Election 1993
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Christine Todd Whitman	1,236,124	49.33
	Democratic	Jim Florio (incumbent)	1,210,031	48.29

New Jersey Gubernatorial Election 1993 - Republican Primary
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Christine Todd Whitman	159,765	39.96
	Republican	W. Cary Edwards	131,587	32.91
	Republican	James Wallwork	96,034	24.02

New Jersey Senatorial Election 1990
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Bill Bradley (incumbent)	977,810	50.44
	Republican	Christine Todd Whitman	918,874	47.40

Quotations

"The defining feature of the conservative viewpoint is a faith in the ability, and a respect for the right, of individuals to make their own decisions - economic, social, and spiritual - about their lives. The true conservative understands that government's track record in respecting individual rights is poor when it dictates individual choices."^[34]

References

^ "Corporate Governance: Board of Directors". Texas Instruments. http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/csr/corpgov/BoardOfDirectors.shtml. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
^ "Board of Directors". http://investors.utc.com/bios.cfm. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
^ Nuclear Energy Needs to Grow, by Christine Todd Whitman, San Francisco Chronicle, September 12, 2007
^ Bumiller, Elisabeth. "POLITICS: ON THE TRAIL; In Political Quest, Forbes Runs in Shadow of Father", The New York Times, February 11, 1996. Accessed December 11, 2007. "Christine Todd, Mr. Forbes's childhood friend from the Far Hills Country Day school, would grow up to become Governor Whitman."
^ Chen, David W. "Former Governor’s Daughter Seeks a Congressional Seat in New Jersey", The New York Times, November 30, 2007. Accessed June 5, 2008.
^ "Lance takes 7th District GOP race", The Star-Ledger, June 4, 2008. Accessed June 4, 2008.
^ "The Floridazation of American Politics", The Weekly Standard, November 5, 2002.
^ “UPI's Capital Comment for December 18, 2002”, United Press International, December 18, 2002
^ "On the Road to Reform: An Interview with Kate Whitman", The Moderate Voice, April 16, 2007
^ "Whitman's Daughter Cited For Littering", The New York Times, June 16, 1998
^ King, Wayne. " THE 1990 ELECTIONS: What Went Wrong?; Bradley Says He Sensed Voter Fury But It Was Too Late to Do Anything", The New York Times, November 8, 1990. Accessed March 29, 2008.
^ Hanson, Christopher. "Insider Cynicism: Ed Rollins Meets the Press", Columbia Journalism Review, January/February 1994. Accessed October 22, 2007.
^ Still Titled: Christine Todd Whitman, the income tax cut, and the the property tax issue. "Does Christie = Christine", [Still Titled], November 4, 2009.
^ Whitman Rejects Panel's Suggestions About Needle Exchange
^ http://www.tv.com/law-and-order-special-victims-unit/contact/episode/12344/summary.html
^ Nick Hepp and John P. Martin. "Used by governor, killed by streets", Star Ledger, May 28, 2008.
^ "Christie Todd Whitman — Biography". Environmental Protection Agency. September 21, 2007. http://www.epa.gov/history/admin/agency/whitman.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
^ "Environmental Protection Agency, Administrator Christie Todd Whitman". The White House, President George W. Bush. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/whitman-bio.html. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
^ "The history of arsenic regulation". Southwest Hydrology: 16. May/June 2002.
^ EPA (October 31, 2001). "EPA announces arsenic standard for drinking water of 10 parts per billion". Press release.
^ "Compilation of Exhibits for 110th Congress's examination of political interference with climate science" (PDF). House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, U.S. House of Representatives. March 19, 2007. http://oversight.house.gov/documents/20070319103023-10422.pdf.
^ "Video: Health Effects of 9/11 Dust". Google Video. http://video.google.co.uk/videoplay?docid=-9137295628446919478&q=genre%3ADOCUMENTARY+duration%3Along.
^ "EPA Response to September 11: Whitman Details Ongoing Agency Efforts to Monitor Disaster Sites, Contribute to Cleanup Efforts". EPA. September 18, 2001. http://www.epa.gov/wtc/stories/headline_091801.htm.
^ "EPA Report No. 2003-P-00012" (PDF). EPA. August 21, 2008. p. 7. http://www.epa.gov/oig/reports/2003/WTC_report_20030821.pdf.
^ "EPA's Response to the World Trade Center Towers Collapse, A Documentary Basis for Litigation" (PDF). New York Environmental Law and Justice Project. http://www.nyenvirolaw.org/PDF/Jenkins-7-4-03-documentary-d2.pdf.
^ Heilprin, John (August 23, 2003). "White House edited EPA's 9/11 reports". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/national/136350_epa23.html. Retrieved 2007-08-07.
^ "Judge Slams Ex-EPA Chief Over September 11". ABC News. February 2, 2006. http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=1574211.
^ Preston, Julia (February 3, 2006). "Public Misled on Air Quality After 9/11 Attack, Judge Says". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/03/nyregion/03suit.html?scp=1&sq=whitman%20batts%20conscience&st=cse. "The allegations in this case of Whitman's reassuring and misleading statements of safety after the September 11, 2001 attacks are without question conscience-shocking. – Judge Batts"
^ "Whitman on Hot Seat Over 9/11 Aftermath". Forbes. June 25, 2007. http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/06/25/ap3855357.html.
^ Portlock, Sarah (December 11, 2007). "The New York Sun". http://www.nysun.com/new-york/governments-post-9-11-actions-questioned/67846/. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
^ Seelye, Katharine Q. "Often Isolated, Whitman Quits As E.P.A. Chief". The New York Times. May 22, 2003.
^ Griscom Little, Amanda. "Muchraker: In her forthcoming memoir, former EPA chief Christine Todd Whitman takes stock of the GOP's "rightward lurch" under Bush". Salon.com. January 15, 2005.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Becker, Jo; Gellman, Barton. "Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency: Leaving No Tracks". The Washington Post. Page A01. June 27, 2007.
^ It's My Party Too, by Christine Todd Whitman, p.73

External links

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Laura Flanders, Bushwomen (ISBN 1-85984-587-8)

Political offices
Preceded by James Florio	Governor of New Jersey January 18, 1994–January 31, 2001	Succeeded by Donald DiFrancesco
Government offices
Preceded by Carol Browner	Administrator of the EPA January 31, 2001–June 27, 2003	Succeeded by Michael Leavitt
Party political offices
Preceded by Mary V. Mochary	Republican Nominee for the U.S. Senate (Class 2) from New Jersey 1990	Succeeded by Dick Zimmer
Preceded by Jim Courter	Republican Nominee for Governor of New Jersey 1993, 1997	Succeeded by Bret Schundler

v • d • e Governors of New Jersey

Livingston · Paterson · Howell · Bloomfield · Ogden · W.S. Pennington · M. Dickerson · Williamson · Vroom · Southard · Seeley · Vroom · P. Dickerson · W. Pennington · Haines · Stratton · Haines · G. Fort · Price · Newell · Olden · Parker · Ward · Randolph · Parker · Bedle · McClellan · Ludlow · Abbett · Green · Abbett · Werts · Griggs · Voorhees · Murphy · Stokes · J. Fort · Wilson · Fielder · Edge · Edwards · Silzer · Moore · Larson · Moore · Hoffman · Moore · Edison · Edge · Driscoll · Meyner · Hughes · Cahill · Byrne · Kean · Florio · Whitman · DiFrancesco · McGreevey · Codey · Corzine · Christie (elect)

v • d • e Administrators of the Environmental Protection Agency

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Cabinet of President George W. Bush (2001–2009)

Cabinet

Secretary of State	Colin Powell (2001–2005) • Condoleezza Rice (2005–2009)

Secretary of the Treasury	Paul O'Neill (2001–2002) • John Snow (2003–2006) • Henry Paulson (2006–2009)

Secretary of Defense	Donald Rumsfeld (2001–2006) • Robert Gates (2006–2009)

Attorney General	John Ashcroft (2001–2005) • Alberto Gonzales (2005–2007) • Michael Mukasey (2007–2009)

Secretary of the Interior	Gale Norton (2001–2006) • Dirk Kempthorne (2006–2009)

Secretary of Agriculture	Ann Veneman (2001–2005) • Mike Johanns (2005–2007) • Ed Schafer (2008–2009)

Secretary of Commerce	Donald Evans (2001–2005) • Carlos Gutierrez (2005–2009)

Secretary of Labor	Elaine Chao (2001–2009)

Secretary of Health and Human Services	Tommy Thompson (2001–2005) • Mike Leavitt (2005–2009)

Secretary of Education	Rod Paige (2001–2005) • Margaret Spellings (2005–2009)

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development	Mel Martinez (2001–2003) • Alphonso Jackson (2003–2008) • Steve Preston (2008–2009)

Secretary of Transportation	Norman Mineta (2001–2006) • Mary Peters (2006–2009)

Secretary of Energy	Spencer Abraham (2001–2005) • Samuel Bodman (2005–2009)

Secretary of Veterans Affairs	Anthony Principi (2001–2005) • Jim Nicholson (2005–2007) • James Peake (2007–2009)

Secretary of Homeland Security	Tom Ridge (2003–2005) • Michael Chertoff (2005–2009)

Cabinet-level

Vice President	Dick Cheney (2001–2009)

White House Chief of Staff	Andrew Card (2001–2006) • Joshua Bolten (2006–2009)

Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency	Christine Whitman (2001–2003) • Mike Leavitt (2003–2005) • Stephen Johnson (2005–2009)

Director of the Office of Management and Budget	Mitch Daniels (2001–2003) • Joshua Bolten (2003–2006) • Rob Portman (2006–2007) • Jim Nussle (2007–2009)

Director of National Drug Control Policy	John Walters (2001–2009)

Trade Representative	Robert Zoellick (2001–2005) • Rob Portman (2005–2006) • Susan Schwab (2006–2009)

Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency	Joe Allbaugh (2001–2003)

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Christine Todd Whitman

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