Christopher Kelk Ingold

Sir Christopher Kelk Ingold FRS (28 October 1893 – 8 December 1970) was a British chemist based in Leeds and London. His groundbreaking work in the 1920s and 1930s on reaction mechanisms and the electronic structure of organic compounds was responsible for the introduction into mainstream chemistry of concepts such as nucleophile, electrophile, inductive and resonance effects, and such symbols as S_N1, S_N2, E1, and E2. He also was a co-author of the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules. Ingold is regarded as one of chief pioneers of physical organic chemistry.^[1]

Scientific work

Ingold began his scientific studies at Hartley University College at Southampton (now Southampton University) taking an external BSc in 1913 with the University of London. After a brief time with Imperial College, London and some war service, as a scientist, Ingold earned an MSc degree, again with the University of London. He returned to Imperial College for work with Jocelyn Field Thorpe, and was awarded a PhD in 1918 and a DSc in 1921.

Ingold married Dr. Hilda Usherwood, a fellow chemist with whom he collaborated, in 1923. They had two daughters and a son, the chemist Keith Ingold.^[2]

In 1924, Ingold moved to Leeds University where he spent six years as Professor of Organic Chemistry. He returned to London in 1930, and served for 24 years as Head of the chemistry department at University College London, from 1937 until his retirement in 1961.

During his study of alkyl halides, Ingold found evidence for two possible reaction mechanisms for nucleophilic substitution reactions. He found that most secondary and tertiary alkyl halides underwent a two-step mechanism (S_N1) while most primary alkyl halides underwent a one-step mechanism (S_N2). This conclusion was based on the finding that reactions of most secondary and tertiary alkyl halides with nucleophiles were dependent on the concentration of the alkyl halide only. Meanwhile he discovered that primary alkyl halides, when reacting with nucleophiles, depend on both the concentration of the alkyl halide and the concentration of the nucleophile.

Starting around 1926, Ingold and Robert Robinson carried out a heated debate on the electronic theoretical approaches to organic reaction mechanisms. See, for example, the summary by Saltzman.^[3]

Sir Christopher Ingold received the Longstaff Medal of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 1951, the Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1952, and was knighted in 1958. The chemistry department of University College London is now housed in the Sir Christopher Ingold laboratory, opened in 1969.

Selected writings

• Ingold, C. K. (1953). Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. 

• Ingold, Christopher K. (1934). "Principles of an Electronic Theory of Organic Reactions". Chemical Reviews 15: 238 – 274. 

• Ingold authored and co-authored 443 papers.^[4]

See also

• Thorpe-Ingold effect

References

1. ^ Saltzman, Martin D. (1986). "The development of physical organic chemistry in the United States and the United Kingdom: 1919-1939, parallels and contrasts". Journal of Chemical Education 63: 588 – 593. http://search.jce.divched.org/JCEIndex/FMPro?-db=jceindex.fp5&-lay=wwwform&combo=robinson-ingold&-find=&-format=detail.html&-skip=0&-max=1&-token.2=0&-token.3=10.  (Subscription required for electronic access.)
2. ^ Nye, Mary Jo (1994). From Chemical Philosophy to Theoretical Chemistry. University of California Press. pp. 197 – 198. http://books.google.com/books?id=z39bhlMAHMYC&pg=PA211&lpg=PA211&dq=classic+chemistry+ingold&source=web&ots=54pmBG5pAL&sig=nA-jo9ixOeOx-IIi3_5R-GpZGeU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA197,M2. 
3. ^ Saltzman, Martin D. (1980). "The Robinson-Ingold controversy: Precedence in the electronic theory of organic reactions". Journal of Chemical Education 57: 484 – 488. http://search.jce.divched.org/JCEIndex/FMPro?-db=jceindex.fp5&-lay=wwwform&combo=robinson-ingold&-find=&-format=detail.html&-skip=0&-max=1&-token.2=0&-token.3=10.  (Subscription required for electronic access.)
4. ^ Saltzman, Martin D. (1996). "C. K. Ingold's Development of the Concept of Mesomerism". Bulletin for the History of Chemistry 19: 25 – 32. 

Further reading

• Leffek, Kenneth T. (1996). Sir Christopher Ingold: A Major Prophet of Organic Chemistry. Nova Lion Press. ISBN 0968067409. 
  • Review of Leffek's book by John D. Roberts
• Ridd, John (December 2008). "Organic Pioneer". Chemistry World 5 (12): 50 – 53. 
• Shoppee, Charles W. (November 1972). "Christopher Kelk Ingold. 1893-1970". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 18: 349 – 411. 

External links

• Biography at Michigan State University
• Biography and history at University College London.