single buffer : you read and write on the same buffer, can be messy if both reading and writing take place at the same time.

double buffer : you read one buffer and you write the other one. When both reading and writing are complete, the buffers are swapped. It solves the problem of simultaneous reading and writing but requires synchronization.

circular buffer : this a buffer with two pointer : read and write. If both pointers are equal, the buffer is empty.
For each write operation, the write pointer advances and each time data is read back, the read pointer advances. It is circular because when a pointer reaches the end, it wraps back to the beginning.
It may be used to implement a queue which allows simultaneous reading and writing without synchronization as long as the buffer is not full.

A double buffer is basically a circular buffer of size 2 and a single buffer is basically a circular buffer of size 1.

1. Bicarbonate buffer system 2. Protein buffer system 3. Phosphate buffer system

10x to 1x is a 1:10 dilution Therefore, add 1 part buffer, 9 parts DI-water If 100uL is 10uL (1 part buffer) and 90uL (9 parts DI-water) Then, 200ul (100 x 2) is 20uL (1 part buffer) and 180uL (9 parts DI-water)

The buffer capacity increases as the concentration of the buffer solution increases and is a maximum when the pH is equal to the same value as the pKa of the weak acid in the buffer. A buffer solution is a good buffer in the pH range that is + or - 1 pH unit of the pKa. Beyond that, buffering capacity is minimal.

A cone has a circular base.