Albert Claude
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Albert Claude
Belgian–American cell biologist (1898–1983)
Claude, who was born at Longlier in Belgium, was educated at the University of Liège where he obtained his doctorate in 1928. He joined the staff of the Rockefeller Institute, New York, in 1929 and in 1941 adopted American citizenship. Claude returned to Belgium in 1948 to serve as director of the Jules Bordet Research Institute, a post he retained until his retirement in 1972.
In the 1930s Claude attempted to purify Peyton Rous's chicken sarcoma virus (RSV) using a centrifuge. He succeeded in producing a fraction with an enhanced sarcogenic power, noting that small granules containing nucleoprotein were present. Suspecting these granules to be the cause of the RSV, he was somewhat surprised to find similar granules present in centrifuged cells taken from uninfected chicken embryo.
Over the next 20 years, using electron microscopes as well as improved centrifuges, Claude began to chart the constitution of the protoplasm. Although the mitochondria had first been described as early as 1897, Claude could distinguish them from what he originally termed ‘microsomes’. Among such microsomes he could make out a lacelike structure spread throughout the cytoplasm, a structure later named the endoplasmic reticulum. Another member of Claude's laboratory, George Palade, went on to identify the ribosome.
For his work in opening up the study of cell structures Claude shared the 1974 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with Palade and Christian de Duve.
Claude, Albert (älbârr' klōd), 1899-1983, Belgian biologist, b. Longlier, M.D., Univ. of Liège, 1928. He joined the Rockefeller Institute (now Rockefeller Univ.) in 1929 and spent his entire career there. During the 1930s and 40s, Claude did pioneering work in the use of the electron microscope to study animal cells. He also contributed to the development of differential centrifugation, a technique in which tissues or cells are homogenized and the various cell components then separated out. These techniques yielded new information about cell structure and function, and laid the foundation for the modern discipline of cell biology. Claude was co-recipient of the 1974 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with Christian de Duve and George Palade for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell.
(klōd), Albert 1899–1983.
Belgian-born American biologist who was among the first to use the electron microscope for biological research. He shared a 1974 Nobel Prize for developing methods of separating and analyzing cell components.
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Albert Claude
| Albert Claude | |
|---|---|
| Born |
24 August 1899 born in luxemburg |
| Died | 22 May 1983 (aged 83) |
| Nationality | Belgian |
| Fields | cellular biology |
| Alma mater | University of Liège |
| Known for | cell fractionation |
| Notable awards | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 |
Albert Claude (24 August 1899 – 22 May 1983) was a Belgian biologist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with Christian de Duve and George Emil Palade. He studied engineering, and then medicine (at the University of Liège, Belgium). During the winter of 1928-29 he worked in Berlin, first at the Institut für Krebsforschung, and then at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology, Dahlem. In the summer of 1929 he joined the Rockefeller Institute. While working at Rockefeller University in the 1930s and 1940s, he used the electron microscope to make images of cells which deepened the scientific understanding of cellular structure and function. He discovered the chloroplasts in the cell.
In 1930, Claude discovered the process of cell fractionation, which was groundbreaking in his time. The process consists of grinding up cells to break the membrane and release the cell's contents. Claude then filtered out the cell membranes and placed the remaining cell contents in a centrifuge to separate them according to mass. He divided the centrifuged contents into fractions, each of a specific mass, and discovered that particular fractions were responsible for particular cell functions.
In 1949, he became Director of the Institut Jules Bordet, Centre des Tumeurs de l'Université Libre de Bruxelles of the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) in Brussels where he would stay until 1970.
In 1970, together with George Palade and Keith Porter he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University. For his discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of cells, Claude received the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which he shared with his student George Palade and Christian de Duve.
References
- Gompel, Cl (2006). "[Albert Claude, an exceptional man]". Bull. Mem. Acad. R. Med. Belg. 161 (10–12): 543–55. PMID 17503730.
- Raju, T N (October 1999). "The Nobel chronicles. 1974: Albert Claude (1899-1983), George Emil Palade (b 1912), and Christian Réne de Duve (b 1917)". Lancet 354 (9185): 1219. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)75433-7. PMID 10513750.
- Rheinberger, H J (1997). "Cytoplasmic particles in Brussels (Jean Brachet, Hubert Chantrenne, Raymond Jeener) and at Rockefeller (Albert Claude), 1935-1955". History and philosophy of the life sciences 19 (1): 47–67. PMID 9284642.
- Frühling, J (August 1994). "[Eulogy of Professor Albert Claude, Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1974]". Bull. Mem. Acad. R. Med. Belg. 149 (12): 466–9. PMID 8563685.
- de Duve, C (1987). "[Albert Claude and the beginnings of modern cell biology]". La Cellule 74: 11–9. PMID 3079269.
- Henry, J (1984). "[Eulogy to Professor Albert Claude, honorary member of the Royal Academy]". Bull. Mem. Acad. R. Med. Belg. 139 (3): 197–202. PMID 6388698.
- de Duve, C; Palade G E (1983). "Albert Claude, 1899-1983". Nature 304 (5927): 588. doi:10.1038/304588a0. PMID 6308471.
- Tagnon, H (June 1983). "[In memoriam Prof. Albert Claude]". Revue médicale de Bruxelles 4 (6): 450–2. PMID 6348913.
- Olsen, B R; Lie S O (December 1974). "[Nobel prize in medicine 1974 (Albert Claude, George Palade, Christian de Duve)]". Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. 94 (34–36): 2400–3. PMID 4614493.
- Florkin, M (October 1972). "[A salute to Albert Claude]". Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. 80 (4): 632–47. doi:10.3109/13813457209075254. PMID 4120117.
- Florkin, M (December 1974). "[Homage to Albert Claude and Christian de Duve, Nobel Prize laureates in medicine and physiology, 1974]". Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. 82 (5): 807–15. doi:10.3109/13813457409072328. PMID 4142698.
- Palade, G E (July 1971). "Albert Claude and the beginnings of biological electron microscopy". J. Cell Biol. 50 (1): 5d–19d. doi:10.1083/jcb.50.1.5d. PMID 4935221.
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