Cleveland
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Cleveland
Cleveland, Ohio:
(County: Cuyahoga)
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Cleveland is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie. Major cities within 100 miles include Akron, Canton, and Toledo, Ohio.
Area (land): 77 sq mi
Park Acres (as % of Land Area): 0.06
Area (water): 5.1 sq mi
Elevation: 680 ft
Latitude: 41-49-94 N
Longitude: 81-69-56 W
Time Zone: EST
Area Code: 216, 440 sq mi
State Sales Tax: 5.5%*
State Corporate Income Tax: 5.1 - 8.5%
State Indivdual Income Tax: 0.649 - 6.555%
Local Individual Income Tax: 0.021
* In addition to the state sales tax, Cleveland has a local 1.0% sales tax, plus a 1.0% transit tax.
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Cleveland
Gale Guide to Cities of the United States:
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Cleveland, Ohio
The seat of Cuyahoga County, Cleveland is Ohio's second largest city and is at the center of a metropolitan statistical area that encompasses Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, and Medina counties. The city's location on Lake Erie accounts for its success as a transportation, industrial, and commercial center. Cleveland contributed a number of industrial discoveries that benefited national growth and prosperity in the nineteenth century. In the early twentieth century, the local political system set a standard for reform that contributed to the general welfare of its citizens. Today Cleveland's revitalized central business and commercial districts complement its cultural institutions and major professional sports teams.
The City in Brief
| 1796 (incorporated 1836) | |
| Mayor Jane Campbell (D) (since 2001) | |
| 573,822 | |
| 505,616 | |
| 478,403 | |
| 461,324 | |
| -5.4% | |
| 18th | |
| 23rd | |
| 40th (State rank: 2nd) | |
| 2,202,069 | |
| 2,250,871 | |
| 0.2% | |
| 11th | |
| Not reported | |
| 16th (PMSA) | |
| 82.42 square miles (2000) | |
| most of the city is on a level plain 60 to 80 feet above Lake Erie | |
| 49.6° F | |
| 38.71 inches of rain; 55.8 inches of snow | |
| Services, wholesale and retail trade, manufacturing, government | |
| 6.3% (March 2005) | |
| $14,291 (1999) | |
| 33,209 | |
| Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland State University | |
| Plain Dealer |
American Heritage Dictionary:
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Cleve·land
A city of northeast Ohio on Lake Erie. A port of entry and industrial center, the city was laid out in 1796 by Moses Cleveland (1754-1806). Population: 444,000.
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia:
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Cleveland
City (pop., 2010: 396,815), northeastern Ohio, U.S. Located on the southern shore of Lake Erie, it is Ohio's second largest city. Initially the site of French and Indian trading posts, it took its name from Moses Cleaveland, who surveyed the area in 1796. It expanded following the opening of the Erie Canal and the arrival of the railroad in 1851. The American Civil War provided the stimulus for iron and steel processing and oil refining (John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil there), and heavy industry is still basic to its economy. More than 400 medical and industrial research centres and numerous educational institutions are in the area. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, designed by I.M. Pei, opened in 1995.
For more information on Cleveland, visit Britannica.com.
Gale Encyclopedia of US History:
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Cleveland
Cleveland, the largest city in Ohio from 1900 to the 1980s and a leading Great Lakes industrial center during the twentieth century. In 1796, Moses Cleavel and laid out the original plan for the settlement that was to bear his name. The village grew slowly, having only about five hundred residents in 1825. That year, however, the Ohio legislature designated Cleveland the northern terminus of the Ohio and Erie Canal, which linked the Ohio River and Lake Erie. Completed in 1832, the canal transformed Cleveland into a booming commercial center with more than six thousand residents by 1840.
In the early 1850s, the arrival of the railroad ushered in a half century of large-scale industrialization. Cleveland became a major producer of iron and steel and the headquarters of John D. Rockefeller's oil refining empire. Owing in part to the local inventor Charles Brush, the manufacturing of electrical equipment developed as a major industry. During the early twentieth century, the motor vehicle industry added thousands of new jobs for Clevelanders.
Attracted largely by employment opportunities, European immigrants flooded the city. Germans predominated through most of the nineteenth century, but by the early twentieth century, eastern Europeans prevailed. Cleveland could boast of the largest Slovak and Slovene settlements in America as well as thousands of Poles, Czechs, and Hungarians.
In the early twentieth century, Cleveland earned a reputation for progressive government as mayors Tom Johnson and Newton Baker battled for municipal ownership of public utilities. By the 1920s, a ring of suburban municipalities was burgeoning around Cleveland, eventually precluding further annexation of territory to the city. Immigration quotas stemmed the tide of European newcomers, although thousands of white and black southerners flocked to Cleveland, especially in the 1940s and 1950s. During the second half of the twentieth century, however, the city's population steadily declined, from 914, 808 in 1950 to 478,403 in 2000. New office towers arose in the central business district, but neighborhoods decayed, and after 1970 manufacturing jobs disappeared. In 1966 racial unrest resulted in nationally publicized rioting in the Hough area, and twelve years later the troubled city suffered the humiliation of defaulting on debt payments. Despite loss of population and manufacturing jobs, local boosters in the 1980s and 1990s proclaimed Cleveland's comeback, pointing to the construction of downtown stadiums and such new tourist attractions as the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Great Lakes Science Center.
Bibliography
Miller, Carol Poh, and Robert Wheeler. Cleveland: A Concise History, 1796–1990. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.
Van Tassel, David D., and John J. Grabowski, eds. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.
—Jon C. Teaford
Columbia Encyclopedia:
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Cleveland
Cleveland City (1990 pop. 505,616), seat of Cuyahoga co., NE Ohio, on Lake Erie at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River; laid out (1796) by Moses Cleaveland, chartered as a city 1836. Ohio's second largest city and the center of the state's largest metropolitan area, it is an ore port and a Great Lakes shipping point. In spite of a dramatic decline in manufacturing, Cleveland remains to some extent dependent on heavy industry, including steel milling and the manufacture of engines, guided missiles, and space vehicles. There are numerous research firms; the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has a large center here, and the laboratory headquarters of the General Electric Company is in nearby Nela Park. Cleveland also houses some of the nation's largest law firms. The health care industry is the fastest growing segment of Cleveland's economy, largely because of the presence of the Cleveland Clinic, a world-famous research and treatment facility and the city's largest employer.
Cleveland is the seat of Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland State Univ., John Carroll Univ., Notre Dame College, the Cleveland Institute of Art, the Cleveland Institute of Music, and several other colleges and seminaries. Visitors are drawn to the Mall (civic center); the Terminal Tower; the Rock-and-Roll Hall of Fame; the Western Reserve Historical Society Museum; the museum of natural history, with a planetarium; Wade Park, with the Cleveland Museum of Art and the Fine Arts Garden; Rockefeller Park, enclosing the Shakespeare and Cultural Gardens; Severance Hall, where concerts of the internationally famous Cleveland Orchestra are performed; Gordon Park, with an aquarium; and the Cleveland zoo. The city also has a notable public library. The Cleveland Plain Dealer is a nationally known newspaper. In Lake View Cemetery are the graves of James A. Garfield, Mark Hanna (who made his fortune in Cleveland), John Hay, and John D. Rockefeller.
Cleveland grew rapidly after the opening of the first section of the Ohio and Erie Canal in 1827 and the arrival of the railroad in 1851. With its factories it attracted large numbers of 19th-century immigrants, including Irish, Germans, Italians, Poles, Czechs, Hungarians, and many others. Its location midway between the coal and oil fields of Pennsylvania and (via the Great Lakes) the Minnesota iron mines spurred industrialization; it was here that John D. Rockefeller began his oil dynasty. Cleveland's African-American community was formed largely by migration from the South after World War I.
The city was plagued during the 1960s by racial disorders, especially in the Hough and Glenville sections. In 1967, Cleveland became the first major U.S. city to elect a black mayor, Carl B. Stokes. As industry rapidly declined from the 1960s, the city went through a period of Rust Belt decay; numerous factories shut down and people and businesses moved to the suburbs. Cleveland's population declined 44% between 1950 and 1990. In 1979, the city declared bankruptcy after defaulting on $15.5 million in municipal loans. In the 1980s, however, Cleveland attracted investment downtown and revitalized some sections, and the 1990s saw the opening of Jacobs Field (for baseball's Indians), Gund Arena (for basketball's Cavaliers), Browns Stadium (for football's Browns), the Great Lakes Science Center, and the Rock-and-Roll Hall of Fame as well as the restoration of three historic downtown shopping arcades.
Bibliography
See E. J. Benton, Cultural Story of an American City: Cleveland (3 vol., 1943-46); G. E. Condon, Yesterday's Cleveland (1976); F. Thompson, The Workers Who Built Cleveland (1987).
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Cleveland, OH
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Cleveland
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United States City Directory
Moving & Relocation Dictionary. Copyright © 2009 by Omnigraphics, Inc. All rights reserved. Read more
Gale Guide to Cities of the United States
Cities of the United States. Copyright © 2006 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
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American Heritage Dictionary
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2007. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. © 1994-2012 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved. Read more
Gale Encyclopedia of US History
Encyclopedia of American History Copyright © 2006 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
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The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/.
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The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Edited by E.D. Hirsch, Jr., Joseph F. Kett, and
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