cloaca

 

(klōā'kə) , in biology, enlarged posterior end of the digestive tract of some animals. The cloaca, from the Latin word for sewer, is a single chamber into which pass solid and liquid waste materials as well as the products of the reproductive organs, the gametes. Cloacas are found in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and lower mammals; higher mammals have a separate rectal outlet, the anus. The term cloaca is also used for analogous chambers in many invertebrates, such as worms of the phylum Nematoda.

For other meanings, see Cloaca (disambiguation)

In zoological anatomy, a cloaca is the posterior opening that serves as the only such opening for the intestinal, urinary, and (usually) genital tracts of certain animal species. The word comes from Latin, and means "sewer". All birds, reptiles, and amphibians possess this orifice, from which they excrete both urine and feces, unlike placental mammals, which possess two separate orifices for evacuation. Marsupials and monotremes also possess one (in marsupials and a few birds, the genital tract is separate). In contrast, each individual among most species of placental mammals and bony fishes has, in lieu of a cloaca, a specialized opening for at least one of these tracts.

In birds the cloaca is also referred to as the vent, and among falconers the word vent is also a verb meaning "to defecate."

Excretory systems with analogous purpose in certain invertebrates are also sometimes referred to as "cloacae".

One study has looked into birds that use their cloaca for cooling.^[1]

In birds the reproductive system must be re-engorged prior to the mating season of each species. Such regeneration usually takes about a month. Birds generally produce one batch of eggs per year, but they will produce another if the first is taken away (they have the ability to produce more). For some birds, such as some species of swans and ducks, the males do not use the cloaca for reproduction but have a penis.

The cloacal region is also often associated with a secretory organ, the cloacal gland, which has been implicated in the scent marking behavior of some reptiles, amphibians and monotremes.

Some turtles, especially those specialized in diving, are highly reliant on cloacal respiration during dives. ^[2] They accomplish this by having a pair of accessory air bladders connected to the cloaca which can absorb oxygen from the water. ^[3][4] Sea cucumbers also extract oxygen from water in a pair of 'lungs' or respiratory 'trees' that branch off the cloaca just inside the anus.

There are also a variety of fishes, as well as polychaete worms and even crabs, that are specialized to take advantage of the constant flow of water through the cloacal respiratory tree of sea cucumbers while simultaneously gaining the protection of living within the sea cucumber itself. At night many of these species emerge from the anus of the sea cucumber in search of food. ^[5]

In humans

Human beings only have an embryonic cloaca, which is split up into separate tracts during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs.

However, a few human congenital disorders result in persons being born with a cloaca, including persistent cloaca and Sirenomelia (mermaid syndrome).

References

1. ^ Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 0i (2007) by Yfke Hager
2. ^ Australian Government - Department of Environment and Heritage - Fitzroy Tortoise
3. ^ University of Wisconsin-La Crosse - Zoo Lab - Chelonians
4. ^ Victorian Herpetological Society - Caring For Australian Freshwater Turtles In Captivity
5. ^ Aquarium Invertebrates by Rob Toonen, Ph.D.

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