cola

The Indonesian version of the characteristically-shaped Coca-Cola bottle

Cola is a beverage usually with caramel coloring and containing caffeine.^[1]

Originally invented by the druggist John Pemberton, it has become popular worldwide. Coca-Cola has become the major international brand, leading to the drink often being seen as a symbol of the United States. Modern colas very rarely contain any kola nut—the origin of the name—as the taste of this nut is strongly bitter.

Flavorings

Despite the name, the primary flavoring ingredients in a cola drink are sugar, citrus oils (orange, lime, or lemon fruit peel), cinnamon, vanilla, and an acidic flavorant^[2]. Manufacturers of cola drinks add other trace ingredients to the drink in addition to these flavorings in order to create distinctively different tastes for each brand. Trace flavorings may include nutmeg, lavender, and a wide variety of ingredients, but the base flavorings that most people identify with a cola taste remain vanilla and cinnamon. Kola nuts, which have a bitter taste, although giving their name to the product, contribute little or no flavor to most cola recipes. Acidity is often provided by phosphoric acid, sometimes accompanied by citric or other isolated acids.

Inexpensive colas may contain only vanilla and cinnamon as flavorings, which provide a simple cola taste^{[citation needed]}. Many cola drink recipes are closely-guarded secrets of their manufacturers^{[citation needed]}, with the recipe used by Coca-Cola being perhaps the most famous in this respect.

In addition to high fructose corn syrup, various sweeteners may be added to cola, including sugar, stevia, or an artificial sweetener depending on product and market. "Sugar-free" or "diet" colas contain artificial sweeteners only.

Brands

A can of generic brand Cola

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The cola brands with the greatest global volumes are Coca-Cola and Pepsi.

Europe

• Alter Cola is the native cola in Catalonia, (Spain).
• American Cola and Adria Cola are the local drinks in Romania.
• Breizh Cola is a local brand from Britanny (France) it offers different and unique flavors like a cloves aroma, bottled in an original cider bottle.
• Cuba Cola is the native cola of Sweden.
• In Denmark, the native Jolly Cola was more popular than Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola during the 1960s and 70s.
• Czech and Slovak Kofola is the third best selling soft-drink in their markets behind Coca-Cola and Pepsi.
• fritz-kola is a cola soft drink from Hamburg, Germany. It uses the highest possible concentration of caffeine for beverages allowed by German law (25 mg / 100ml) and is available in most of Germany, as well as parts of western and central Europe.
• German brand Afri-Cola had a higher caffeine content (about 250 mg/L) until the product was relaunched with a new formulation in 1999, and has it again since a second relaunch with the original formulation in April 2006.
• tesco klasszikus kóla Is highly popular in Hungary, usually mixed with koccintos.
• Virgin Cola was popular in the United Kingdom, South Africa and western European countries in the 1990s but has waned in availability.
• Barr Cola made by A.G. Barr (the makers of the popular Irn Bru drink) in the United Kingdom.
• Cockta is a local brand from former Yugoslavia, originally produced by Slovenijavino company from Slovenia (then part of a Yugoslavia). A couple of years ago it was bought by Droga Kolinska. It is still popular in former yugoslav Republic, especially in Croatia.
• In Turkey there are two local brands named Cola Turka and Le Cola^[1].

Asia and the Middle East

• Alef Cola is a brand of cola in Israel, marketed specifically to Haredim. The kosher emblem is as large and prominent as the brand insignia.
• Mecca Cola, an Arab-Israeli activist beverage, is sold in the Middle East and parts of Europe.
• RC Cola was popular in the Philippines with its franchisee Asiawide Beverages. RC was introduced to Israel in 1995 with the slogan "RC: Just like in America!"
• Star Cola is a brand from Gaza-Palestine.
• Super Drink is a popular cola in the Palestinian Territories and the State of Israel.
• Thums Up is a popular cola brand in India.
• Campa Cola was India's most popular brand prior to the introduction of Pepsi and Coca-Cola to the Indian market in 1991.
• Zam Zam Cola, popular in Iran and parts of the Arab world.
• Parsi Cola, popular in Iran.
• RedBull Cola,popular in Thailand.
• myCola, popular in Sri Lanka, is distinctly sold in small plastic bottles (the major other colas most widely available in glass bottles)

Americas

• Inca Kola is another brand that is now marketed in many countries by the Coca Cola group; it is the major cola in some South American countries. This bright yellow carbonated beverage is especially popular in Peru, which was once the heartland of the Inca (or Inka) Empire. Inca Kola was only recently bought by Coca-Cola.
• Royal Crown (RC Cola) is widely available in the United States, Canada, Mexico and Bangladesh.
• There is also an open source recipe for a cola drink, OpenCola.
• tuKola and Tropicola are brands from Cuba (also sold widely in Italy)
• Jones Soda makes a cola too. This is served on Alaska Airlines as an alternative to other American colas that contain corn syrup. Instead they use real cane sugar.
• Jolt Cola is sold by Wet Planet Beverages, of Rochester, New York. Originally, the slogan was "All the sugar and twice the caffeine." They dropped the slogan when they switched from cane sugar to high fructose corn syrup.
• Johnnie Ryan is a regional cola bottled in Niagara Falls, New York. Established in 1935, they make it with 100% cane sugar and also sell 22 other flavors.
• Schin Cola is a variety of cola produced in Brazil by Primo Schincariol.

Chemical and medical reactions

The carbonation in this cup of cola is evident from the bubbles.

Being carbonated, colas are acidic (carbonic acid is formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water), and so can react violently with basic chemicals, such as baking soda. Many colas also contain phosphoric acid and/or citric acid, which further increases the acidity.^[3] Colas containing phosphoric acid have been linked to chronic kidney disease.^[4] Drinking two or more of these colas per day more than doubled the incidence of kidney disease, while colas containing citric acid did not have an effect.

Drinking more than 2l of cola a day may lead to hypokalaemia^[5] (potassium deficiency), leading to muscle wastage and paralysis.

The Diet Coke and Mentos eruption is a popular experiment. Mentos candies and crystalline powders such as sugar and salt, when added to cola (usually diet coke), cause fizzing by providing many micronucleation points for the carbon dioxide to leave solution. This, however, is a physical reaction resulting from the release of dissolved CO2 as opposed to a chemical reaction.

Another experiment involves adding dry ice. By providing additional carbon dioxide, some of the carbon dioxide present in the drink is forced out of the solution, creating an explosion and destroying the bottle.

In either case, mixing these substances with cola (or any other carbonated drink) causes the drink to bubble, creating foam and greatly increasing the pressure in the bottle, resulting in either the bottle or the cap giving way.^[3]

Etymology

The word cola may have been introduced into the mainstream by the major producer Coca-Cola, as they saw their trademark slipping into common use, like other genericized trademarks. They successfully defended the exclusive use of their name and its diminutive form "Coke" by suggesting the alternative of "cola drink" as a generic name for similar types of carbonated soft drinks. The word cola as part of the Coca-Cola trademark may have originated from the kola nuts that were originally used as the source of caffeine, or from when the original recipe contained coca (from which cocaine is derived).

See also

• Brands of Cola (shown below)
• Cola wars

References

External links

Look up cola in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Cola and Mentos mints trick
• OpenCola recipe (originally published by Cory Doctorow)
• Straight Dope article about caffeine levels on soft drinks
• The Soda Pop Mashup!
• Zam Zam Foods North America Inc