- Shared power and authority vested among colleagues.
- Roman Catholic Church. The doctrine that bishops collectively share collegiate power.
collegiality
Dictionary:
col·le·gi·al·i·ty (kə-lē'jē-ăl'ĭ-tē)  |
n.
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| US Supreme Court: Collegiality |
The unique structural characteristic of a collegial body such as the Supreme Court is the equality of formal authority of the members. Tension exists between the individual responsibility to form views in each case and the necessity for cooperation to produce collective decisions in the Court's collegial structure. Cooperation and the appearance of unity serve to increase power and respect for a collegial institution. Chief Justice John Marshall arranged accommodations in one boardinghouse to foster fellowship and developed the single opinion of the Court to create a symbol of judicial solidarity (see Seriatim Opinions). Yet, within the Court's collegial structure, contemporary justices freely exhibit individualism, as seen in the increase of separate opinions.
Effective action requires the cooperative participation of every justice. Collegiality does not mandate unanimity but does demand loyalty to the institution and civil treatment of colleagues. Evidences of the justices' strong commitment to the Court are long tenures, unanimity in cases that threaten institutional integrity, and resolution of internal difficulties without appeals for external intervention. Collegial relationships sometimes may be threatened by biting opinions, such as those written by Justice Antonin Scalia directing harsh language at opposing justices, and by divisive cases like Bush v. Gore. Still, justices assert that disagreements have not affected their relationships and that they remain friends who respect each other and enjoy each other's company. Justices have maintained cordial relations across ideological lines and warm friendships have developed between some pairs with shared values. Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, for instance, recounts a visit by Justice Scalia to give her a draft of his dissenting opinion so she would have time to respond. Court practices remind the justices of their mutual dependence, equal power, and personal esteem; for example, the handshakes before conference initiated by Chief Justice Melville W. Fuller, and the luncheons, letters, or gifts for significant personal occasions.
Other structural characteristics and changes in the Court's environment have affected the requirements of collegiality. The Court has remained a small group in size; therefore, skillful chief justices can satisfy individuals and harmonize Court functioning. However, the growth of the federal court system and the Court bureaucracy has diverted the chief justice's attention to other duties (see Bureaucratization of the Federal Judiciary). In the nineteenth century, short Court terms, circuit duties, and home offices limited contacts among justices. Longer Court terms and a separate building have brought justices into proximity, and the longevity of the current Court (with no personnel changes since 1994) has reinforced the justices' collegiality. Conversely, heavy workloads, personal staffs, and new office technologies have focused their energies upon individual rather than collective decision making. Resolution of the tensions between equal authority and collective duty requires different strategies in the twenty‐first century, when the Court has become a powerful institution and the justices work in relative isolation.
See also Chief Justice, Office of the; Workload.
— Paul J. Wahlbeck
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Collegiality is the relationship between colleagues.
Contents |
Definition of collegiality
Colleagues are those explicitly united in a common purpose and respecting each other's abilities to work toward that purpose. A colleague is an associate in a profession or in a civil or ecclesiastical office.
Thus, the word collegiality can connote respect for another's commitment to the common purpose and ability to work toward it. In a narrower sense, members of the faculty of a university or college are each other's colleagues; very often the word is taken to mean that. Sometimes colleague is taken to mean a fellow member of the same profession. The word college is sometimes construed broadly to mean a group of colleagues united in a common purpose, and used in proper names, such as Electoral College, College of Cardinals, College of Pontiffs.
Sociologists of organizations use the word collegiality in a technical sense, to create a contrast with the concept of bureaucracy. Classical authors such as Max Weber consider collegiality as an organizational device used by autocrats to prevent experts and professionals from challenging monocratic and sometimes arbitrary powers. More recently, authors such as Eliot Freidson (USA), Malcolm Waters (Australia) and Emmanuel Lazega (France) have shown that collegiality can now be understood as a full fledged organizational form. This is especially useful to account for coordination in knowledge intensive organizations in which interdependent members jointly perform non routine tasks -an increasingly frequent form of coordination in knowledge economies. A specific social discipline comes attached to this organizational form, a discipline described in terms of niche seeking, status competition, lateral control, and power among peers in corporate law partnerships, in dioceses, in scientific laboratories, etc. This view of collegiality is obviously very different from the ideology of collegiality stressing mainly trust and sharing in the collegium.
Roman collegiality
In the Roman Republic, collegiality was the practice of having at least two people, and always an even number, in each magistrate position of the Roman Senate. Reasons were to divide power and responsibilities among several people, both to prevent the rise of another king and to ensure more productive magistrates. Examples of Roman collegiality include the two consuls and censors; six praetors; eight quaestors; four aediles; ten tribunes and decemviri, etc.
There were several notable exceptions: the prestigious, but largely ceremonial (and lacking imperium) positions of pontifex maximus and princeps senatus held one person each; the extraordinary magistrates of Dictator and Magister Equitum were also one person each; and there were three triumviri.
Collegiality in the Catholic Church
Collegiality also refers to the doctrine held in the Roman Catholic Church that the bishops of the world, collectively considered (the College of Bishops) share the responsibility for the governance and pastoral care of the Church with the Pope. This doctrine was explicitly taught by the Second Vatican Council, though it is grounded in earlier teaching. One of the major changes of the Second Vatican Council was to encourage episcopal conferences (bishops' conferences).
Proponents emphasise that the doctrine does not attempt to diminish the role of the Pope.
Criticism of collegiality in the Catholic Church
Traditionalist critics claim that it is contrary to what they perceive to be the Catholic belief that only the Pope has authority over other bishops. Critics felt bishops' conferences could potentially destroy the independence of each bishop (by de facto forcing individual bishops to go along with a majority vote of a conference), as well as undermine the authority of the Pope (by a conference, synod, or council claiming to have some authority over the Pope).
See also
References
- Egan, Philip. (2004). Authority in the Roman Catholic Church: Theory and Practice. New Blackfriars 85(996), 251-252.
- Gallagher, Clarence. (2004). Collegiality in the East and the West in the First millennium. A Study Based on the Canonical Collections. The Jurist, 2004, 64(1), 64-81.
- Lorenzen, Michael. (2006). Collegiality and the Academic Library. E-JASL: The Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship 7, no. 2 (Summer 2006).
- Wilde, Mellissa. (2005). How Culture Mattered at Vatican II: Collegiality Trumps Authority in the Council’s Social Movement Organizations. American Sociological Review, 69(4), 576-602.
External links
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