Commingling

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Professional responsibility

Duties to the client

Confidentiality Avoiding conflict of interest Zealous representation Avoid commingling Avoid self-dealing Effective assistance Avoid fee-splitting Withdrawal from representation

Duties to the court

Disclosure of perjury Disclosure of adverse authority

Duties to the profession

Limitations on legal advertising Report misconduct

Sources of law

ABA Model Rules

Penalties for misconduct

Disbarment  · Judicial misconduct

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Commingling literally means "mixing together". Used in a legal context it is a breach of trust in which a fiduciary mixes funds that he holds in the care of a client with his own funds, making it difficult to determine which funds belong to the fiduciary and which belong to the client. This raises particular concerns where the funds are invested, and gains or losses from the investments must be allocated. In such circumstances, the law usually presumes that any gains run to the client and any losses run to the fiduciary who is guilty of commingling.

The problem of commingling is of particular concern in the legal profession. Attorneys are strictly prohibited from commingling their clients' funds with their own, and such activity is grounds for disbarment in virtually every jurisdiction, because of the ease of embezzlement and the difficulty of detection. Similar rules apply for licensed real estate brokers handling earnest money and other professionals who hold deposits as agents for clients in absentia.

Commingling is also evidence that may be used in "piercing the corporate veil" of a sham corporation, where a person vainly attempts to shield himself from personal liability through "incorporation", yet fails to observe strict separation of corporate and personal property or accounts, among other improprieties.

In a trading organisation, the term commingling is used to describe the mixing of market prices from various foreign brokers & exchanges within a market gateway.

Community property

In community property states of the United States, "commingling" non-marital property with marital property can make it community property. For example, depositing money received by an individual through inheritance – ordinarily considered non-marital, individual property – into a joint bank account may transform the money into community property. Most community property states apply a presumption of community property; where there is any commingling the burden of proof is on the party disputing the classification to "trace" the property back to individual property, and demonstrate an intent to keep it separated.

Organic Food National Standards under the OFPA (Organic Food Protections Act) state that handler and processers of products produced organically must prevent the commingling of organic food with non-organic food (to be a certified organic handler or processor)

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