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Committee of correspondence

 
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: Committees of Correspondence
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Groups appointed by the legislatures of all 13 American colonies to provide a means of intercolonial communication. The first standing group was formed by Samuel Adams in Boston (1772), and within three months 80 others were formed in Massachusetts. In 1773 Virginia organized a committee with 11 members, including Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry. The committees were instrumental in promoting colonial unity and in summoning the First Continental Congress in 1774.

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US History Encyclopedia: Committees of Correspondence
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Committees of Correspondence were used in eighteenth-century America to maintain contact among institutions and communities. The Massachusetts Assembly established such a committee to deal specifically with the problem of British policy as early as 1764. In 1771 the Boston Town Meeting appointed a committee to rouse fervor elsewhere in Massachusetts. The committee was the idea of Samuel Adams. Relations with Britain were quiescent at the time, but Adams believed Britain's seeming retreat in 1770 by its repeal of four of the five Townshend taxes had only been tactical and that colonials needed to be prepared for another crisis.

Initially the Bostonians met skepticism. Some towns believed the goal was a boycott of British trade for the sake of selling off Boston's own surplus goods. But the committees of Boston and four other towns agreed in November 1773 to resist the importation of East India tea. By mid-1774 a network of committees spanned Massachusetts.

Outside Massachusetts committees developed more slowly. Virginia's House of Burgesses proposed in March 1773 that colonial assemblies appoint committees to exchange information when each house was not sitting. New York City's Committee of Fifty-One was not elected until 19 May 1774, when a tumultuous public meeting debated the punishment Britain imposed on Boston and Massachusetts for the Tea Party. The young aristocrat Gouverneur Morris wrote as he watched that "the mob begin to think and to reason," and he likened its members to "poor reptiles." In Tryon County, on New York's western frontier, a committee also gathered, but its members were self-appointed and they met secretly. The local grandee Sir John Johnson opposed the American movement, and he had support from both his tenants and Mohawk Indians. When Sir John chanced upon a public meeting to elect a militia captain, he broke it up, flailing his horsewhip.

Both Morris, who did become a patriot, and Johnson, who remained a Loyalist, understood the fundamental issue. These committees marked the beginning of the destruction of established political institutions and the creation of a counter government. The very act of sending out express riders like Paul Revere challenged the monopoly of the Crown's official post office and insinuated that postmasters could not be trusted with sensitive messages. The separate riders became an organized Constitutional Post in May 1774.

Whether their members were elected or self-appointed, the committees that towns and communities appointed from 1771 onward signified a new stage in American resistance. They recognized the need for organization both within the separate colonies and across provincial lines. After the Tea Party they helped to establish the point that Boston and Massachusetts needed support. They brought new faces into political affairs. Perhaps most important, they posed the problem of what was to be done, since it was clear that exchanging information was bound to lead to some form of direct action.

Bibliography

Ammerman, David. In the Common Cause: American Response to the Coercive Acts of 1774. New York: Norton, 1975.

Brown, Richard D. Revolutionary Politics in Massachusetts: The Boston Committee of Correspondence and the Towns, 1772–1774. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970.

Countryman, Edward. A People in Revolution: The American Revolution and Political Society in New York, 1760–1790. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981.

Maier, Pauline. From Resistance to Revolution: Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain, 1765–1776. New York: Knopf, 1972.

Ryerson, Richard Alan. The Revolution Is Now Begun: The Radical Committees of Philadelphia, 1765–1776. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978.

—Edward Countryman

Wikipedia: Committee of correspondence
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For other uses, see Committee of correspondence (disambiguation).

The committees of correspondence were bodies organized by the local governments of the Thirteen Colonies before the American Revolution for the purposes of coordinating written communication outside of the colony. These served an important role in the Revolution, by disseminating the colonial interpretation of British actions between the colonies and to foreign governments. The committees of correspondence rallied opposition on common causes and established plans for collective action, and so the group of committees was the beginning of what later became a formal political union among the colonies.

As news during this period was typically spread in hand-written letters to be carried by couriers on horseback or aboard ships, the committees were responsible for ensuring that this news accurately reflected the views of their parent governmental body on a particular issue and was dispatched to the proper groups. Many correspondents were also members of the colonial legislative assemblies, and were active in the secret Sons of Liberty organizations.

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History

The earliest committees of correspondence were formed temporarily to address a particular problem. Once a resolution was achieved, they were disbanded. The first formal committee was established in Boston in 1764 to rally opposition to the Currency Act and unpopular reforms imposed on the customs service.

During the Stamp Act Crisis the following year, New York formed a committee to urge common resistance among its neighbors to the new taxes. The Province of Massachusetts Bay correspondents responded by urging other colonies to send delegates to the Stamp Act Congress that fall.

The Gaspee Affair in June 1772 prompted the colonies to form committees of correspondence.


Massachusetts

In Massachusetts, in November 1772, Samuel Adams and Dr. Joseph Warren formed a committee in response to the Gaspée Affair and in relation to the recent British decision to have the salaries of the royal governor and judges be paid by the Crown rather than the colonial assembly, which removed the colony of its means of controlling public officials. In the following months, more than 100 other committees were formed in the towns and villages of Massachusetts. The Massachusetts committee had its headquarters in Boston and under the leadership of Adams became a model for other radical groups. The meeting when establishing the committee gave it the task of stating "the rights of the colonists, and of this province in particular, as men, as Christians, and as subjects; to communicate and publish the same to the several towns in this province and to the world as the sense of this town".[1]

Virginia

In March 1773, Dabney Carr proposed the formation of a permanent Committee of Correspondence before the Virginia House of Burgesses. Virginia's own committee was formed on March 12, 1773 and members consisted of Peyton Randolph, Robert Carter Nicholas, Richard Bland, Richard Henry Lee, Benjamin Harrison, Edmund Pendleton, Patrick Henry, Dudley Digges, Dabney Carr, Archibald Cary, and Thomas Jefferson.

Pennsylvania

Among the last to form a committee of correspondence, Pennsylvania did so at a meeting in Philadelphia on May 20, 1774. In a compromise between the more radical and more conservative factions of political activists the committee was formed by combining the lists each proposed. That committee of nineteen diversified and grew to forty-three, then to sixty-six and finally to two different groups of one hundred between May 1774 and its dissolution in September 1776. One hundred sixty men participated in one or more of the committees, but only four were regularly elected to all of them: Thomas Barclay, John Cox, Jr., John Dickinson, and Joseph Reed.[2].

North Carolina

By 1773 the political situation is deteriorated. There is concern about the courts. Massachusetts' young and ardent Boston patriot, Josiah Quincy, Jr.[3] visits North Carolina staying 5 days. He spends the night of March 26, 1773 at Cornelius Harnett's home near Wilmington, North Carolina.[4] The two discuss and draw up plans for a Committee of Correspondence. The Committee's purpose: communicate circumstances and revolutionary sentiment among the colonies. It is after this meeting that Josiah Quincy, Jr, dubs Harnett the “Samuel Adams of North Carolina.” [5], [6]

Perhaps characteristic of Committees of Correspondence members, Harnett is celebrated, distinguished, scholarly and possessed of unflinching integrity[7] Harnett’s father [also named Cornelius Harnett] is Sheriff of Albemarle, an area covering about 11 (2009) north eastern North Carolina counties. [8], [9]

The Correspondence Committee forms the next year at Wilmington, NC, although Harnett is absent, he is made chairman of the Correspondence Committee. Harnett spends the next year in northern states carrying out correspondence committee responsibilities. [10]

Harnett is first first known in public affairs by Opposition to the Stamp Act and related measures. He represents the borough of Wilmington in the 1770 – 1771 provincial assembly and is chairman of the body's more important committees.[11], [12]

“In April of 1770, Parliament repealed all taxes except the one on tea ....As head of the Sons of Liberty, Cornelius Harnett called a meeting on June 2 of that year. The group agreed to keep strictly to a non importation agreement. They would have no dealings with merchants who imported goods from England.”[13]

Harnett is the Revolution's master spirit throughout the Cape Fear region. He is president of the provincial council and actual Governor of North Carolina. He is “...a member of the Provincial congress at Halifax, North Carolina, in the spring of 1776... as chairman of a committee to consider the usurpations of the home government...” he informs North Carolina Continental Congress delegates to support a declaration of independence.[14]

When the Congress creates a provisional government, Cornelius Harnett of New Hanover is made head. "This cultivated and wealthy citizen... was ... Governor Burrington's Council as early as 1730... He was a stern and devoted patriot, and was to seal his faith with his blood."[15]

Soon afterward Sir Henry Clinton, with a British fleet, appears in Cape Fear River. Clinton honors Harnett and Robert Howe by excepting them from his offer of a general pardon to those who should return to their allegiance the Crown. When, on 22 July, the Declaration of Independence arrives at Halifax, Harnett reads it to a great concourse of citizens and soldiers, who take him on their shoulders and bear him in triumph through the town. In the autumn of the same year he assists in drafting a state constitution and bill of rights, and to his liberal spirit the citizens are indebted for the clause securing" religious liberty. Under the new constitution Harnett becomes one of the council, and in 1778, is elected to fill Governor Caswell's seat in congress. His name is to be found signed to the "articles of confederation and perpetual union."

The Price of Harnett's Leadership[16]

Before the British surrendered to Washington, Cornelius Harnett paid the ultimate price for his leadership. He was viewed as a primary leader of the independence movement in North Carolina. In May of 1776 General Henry Clinton issued a proclamation to pardon North Carolinians who would lay down arms and submit to British law. Harnett and Robert Howe were the two exceptions from that proclamation. This made Cornelius Harnett a British outlaw. Earlier, in 1774, Samuel Adams and John Hancock had been excepted in similar fashion from the Amnesty Proclamation of General Thomas Gage in Boston.[17] Harnett was captured by soldiers under Major James Craig, bound hand and foot, and thrown over the back of a horse like a sack of meal and paraded down the streets of Wilmington. He was imprisoned in a roofless blockhouse in Wilmington by order of Major Craig. Exposure over a period of three months to the weather weakened the 58-year-old revolutionary. Both loyalists and supporters of the revolution signed a petition which induced the British occupants of Wilmington to free Harnett. He died April 28, 1781 [his grave marker incorrectly states April 20], shortly after being freed.[18]

Other States

By July 1773 Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and South Carolina had also formed committees.

With Pennsylvania’s action in May 1774 all of the colonies had such committees.[19]

They organized common resistance to the Tea Act and even recruited physicians who wrote drinking tea would make Americans "weak, effeminate, and valetudinarian for life."

These permanent committees performed the important planning necessary for the First Continental Congress, which convened in September 1774. The Second Congress created its own committee of correspondence to communicate the American interpretation of events to foreign nations.

On December 17, 1774 John Lamb and others in New York City formed the last New York committee. This committee included Isaac Sears, Alexander McDougall, and others.

They were brought forth in 1773 and their proposal was eagerly wanted by the other colonies. Three Hundred towns had been drawn into the network by 1774. These committees were replaced during the revolution with Provincial Congresses.

By 1780, committees of correspondence had been formed in England and Ireland.[20]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Smith, pg. 368
  2. ^ Ryerson, pp. 39-42, 49-52, 94-100, 128-131, 156-159, 275-281
  3. ^ Lossing, Benson John, "Our Countrymen: Or, Brief Memoirs of Eminent Americans", 1855, p 83.
  4. ^ McCormick, Edward, paper entitled: "Cornelius Harnett", unpublished, 2007, revised 2008, Lillington, North Carolina
  5. ^ Wells, William, "The Life and Public Services of Samuel Adams: Being a Narrative of His Acts ...", 1865, p 421.
  6. ^ Maier, Pauline, Chapter 1 entitled "Early Revolutionary Leaders in the South and the Problem of Southern Distinctiveness" in The Southern Experience in the American Revolution, published 1978 by University of North Carolina Press, edited by Jeffrey J. Crow and Larry Tise, Chapel Hill, pages 6 &7.
  7. ^ Lossing, Benson John, Op Cit, p 83.
  8. ^ Wells, William, op cit, p 421.
  9. ^ Ripley, George, "The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge", 1859.
  10. ^ Daniels, Mary Elizabeth, paper entitled: "Cornelius Harnett Patriot Extraordinary", unpublished, about 1986, p. 5.
  11. ^ "Edited Appletons Encyclopedia", Copyright © 2001 Virtualology TM, http://virtualology.com.
  12. ^ "Edited Appletons Encyclopedia", Op Cit.
  13. ^ Daniels, Op. Cit, pps. 1-2.
  14. ^ "Edited Appletons Encyclopedia", Op Cit.
  15. ^ Moore, John Wheeler, "History of North Carolina: From the Earliest Discoveries to the Present Time", 1880, p. 197.
  16. ^ McCormick, Edward, Op. Cit, p. 8
  17. ^ Maier , Op. Cit. pages 6 &7.
  18. ^ Daniels, Op. Cit. p 10.
  19. ^ Divided Loyalties, pg. 245
  20. ^ Puls, pg. 206

References

  • Ketchum, Richard, Divided Loyalties, How the American Revolution came to New York, 2002, ISBN 0-8050-6120-7
  • Puls, Mark, Samuel Adams, father of the American Revolution, 2006, ISBN 1-4039-7582-5
  • Ryerson, Richard A., The Revolution is Now Begun: the Radical Committees of Philadelphia, 1765-1776. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978, ISBN 0-8122-7734-1
  • Smith, Page, A New Age Now Begins, 1976, ISBN 0-07-059097-4

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