complex
American Heritage Dictionary:
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com·plex
(kəm-plĕks', kŏm'plĕks') 
adj.
complexness com·plex'ness n.
adj.
- Consisting of interconnected or interwoven parts; composite.
- Composed of two or more units: a complex carbohydrate.
- Involved or intricate, as in structure; complicated.
- Grammar.
- Consisting of at least one bound form. Used of a word.
- Consisting of an independent clause and at least one other independent or dependent clause. Used of a sentence.
- A whole composed of interconnected or interwoven parts: a complex of cities and suburbs; the military-industrial complex.
- In psychology, a group of related, often repressed ideas and impulses that compel characteristic or habitual patterns of thought, feelings, and behavior. No longer in scientific use.
- An exaggerated or obsessive concern or fear.
- Medicine. The combination of factors, symptoms, or signs of a disease or disorder that forms a syndrome.
[Latin complexus, past participle of complectī, to entwine. See complect.]
complexly com·plex'ly adv.complexness com·plex'ness n.
SYNONYMS complex, complicated, intricate, involved, tangled, knotty. These adjectives mean having parts so interconnected as to make the whole perplexing. Complex implies a combination of many associated parts: The composer transformed a simple folk tune into a complex set of variations. Complicated stresses elaborate relationship of parts: The party's complicated platform confused many voters. Intricate refers to a pattern of intertwining parts that is difficult to follow or analyze: "No one could soar into a more intricate labyrinth of refined phraseology" (Anthony Trollope). Involved stresses confusion arising from the commingling of parts and the consequent difficulty of separating them: The movie's plot was criticized as being too involved. Tangled strongly suggests the random twisting of many parts: "Oh, what a tangled web we weave,/When first we practice to deceive!" (Sir Walter Scott). Knotty stresses intellectual complexity leading to difficulty of solution or comprehension: Even the professor couldn't clarify the knotty point.
Fowler's Modern English Usage:
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complex
1. The is familiar as a term in psychology meaning 'a group of repressed feelings or thoughts which cause abnormal behaviour or mental states', usually with some qualifying word, e.g. inferiority complex, Oedipus complex, and persecution complex. This use, has permeated everyday language in non-technical meanings. Examples:
Both of them had a complex about economy and living within a budget—Mary McCarthy, 1954
The roadmen went and got into a muddle with their flags...One of them...apparently gets a power complex every time anyone puts a red flag into his hand—C. Aird, 1973.
2. But by far the most common use of complex as a is in the sense 'a group or network of buildings or systems', typically qualified by adjectives or
| complement, compliment, complementary, complimentary, complement, complacent, complaisant | |
| complex prepositions, complexion, comply, conform |
Oxford Dictionary of Chemistry:
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complex
A compound in which molecules or ions form coordinate bonds to a metal atom or ion . Often complexes occur as complex ions, such as [Cu(H2O)6]2+ or Fe[(CN)6]3−. A complex may also be a neutral molecule (e.g. PtCl2(NH3)2). The formation of such coordination complexes is typical behaviour of transition metals. The complexes formed are often coloured and have unpaired electrons (i.e. are paramagnetic). See also ligand; chelate.
Complexes
Roget's Thesaurus:
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complex
adjective
- Consisting of two or more interconnected parts: composite, compound. See simple/complex.
- Difficult to understand because of intricacy: byzantine, complicated, convoluted, daedal, Daedalian, elaborate, intricate, involute, involved, knotty, labyrinthine, tangled. See simple/complex.
noun
- A usually large entity composed of interconnected parts: system. See part/whole.
- A center of organization, supply, or activity: base, headquarters, station. Military installation. See place.
- An exaggerated concern: Informal hang-up. See fear/courage.
Antonyms by Answers.com:
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complex
adj
Definition: difficult to understand
Antonyms: apparent, clear, direct, discernible, easy, evident, obvious, plain
adj
Definition: involved, intricate
Antonyms: clear, easy, evident, homogeneous, obvious, plain, simple, uniform
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[Ge]
A rather general term used in archaeology to refer to a chronological subdivision of broad groups of defined artefact types such as stone tools or pottery. A recurrent configuration of elements or entities within a larger system.
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A complex is a group of partially or totally unconscious psychic content (representations, memories, fantasies, affects, and so on), which constitutes a more or less organized whole, such that the activation of one of its components leads to the activation of others.
Freud did not coin the term "complex." At the end of the nineteenth century, it was occasionally used in psychiatry to designate a collection of ideas belonging to a subject. Freud used it in this sense in 1892 in a sketch written in preparation for his "Preliminary Communication." He wrote that in hysteria, "the content of consciousness easily becomes temporarily dissociated and certain complexes of ideas which are not associatively connected easily fly apart" (1940-41 [1892], p. 149). Shortly after, he used the term again in Studies on Hysteria (1895d), specifically in the case of Emmy von N. Josef Breuer, coauthor of the Studies, wrote, "It is almost always a question of complexes of ideas, of recollections of external events and trains of thought of the subject's own. It may sometimes happen that every one of the individual ideas comprised in such a complex of ideas is thought of consciously, and that what is exiled from consciousness is only the particular combination of them" (1895d, p. 215n).
In the ensuing years, the idea that at the heart of a neurosis there was a collection of ideas and affects specific to the subject and organized around a traumatic sexual experience became central to the development of psychoanalysis—even though subsequently Freud rarely used the term "complex" to designate such a set of ideas. He did add an essential modification to the previous psychiatric conception in positing that, for the most part, such a collection is made up of unconscious processes and remains unconscious itself.
In 1906 he explicitly discussed the term "complex" for the first time in an article on "Psycho-Analysis and the Establishment of Facts in Legal Proceedings" (1906c). He paid homage to Eugen Bleuler, and more particularly to Carl Gustav Jung, whom he had just met, and praised the method of "word association," which was developed by Wilhelm M. Wundt and practiced by Jung. This experimental method consisted of giving a subject a series of "stimulus words" and asking the subject to react as quickly as possible. The time that it takes the person to respond and the nature of their response are assumed to indicate a "complex." Freud, in this work, defined a complex as "ideational content" charged with affect (p. 104).
From then on, he used the term frequently to designate the "nuclear complex of neurosis," that is, "the father complex" (1909d, p. 208n; p. 200ff.), which he designated as the "Oedipus complex" starting in 1910 (1910h, p. 171). Similarly, he began to speak of the "castration complex" (1909b, p. 8).
After he split with Jung, Freud withdrew the praise that that he previously bestowed upon him. Thus he wrote, in his History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement (1914d), that the "theory of complexes" proposed by Jung did not actually attain the status of a theory and had not "proved capable of easy incorporation into the context of psycho-analytic theory" (p. 29), even though the term itself had become common in psychoanalytic usage. In other words, Freud adopted the term to give meaning to his own metapsychological constructions, but rejected the theory of Jung himself.
The following points should be emphasized:
- There is an obvious difference between the popular use of the term "complex" in contemporary culture and its more specific usage in the psychoanalytic literature. In this regard, what Freud described in 1914 remains the same today: "None of the other terms coined by psycho-analysis for its own needs has achieved such widespread popularity or been so misapplied to the detriment of the construction of clearer concepts" (1914d, pp. 29-30). In contemporary psychoanalytic writings, the term is hardly ever encountered anymore except in two closely connected situations: references to the Oedipus complex and the castration complex.
- As surprising as it may seem, there has been scarcely any coherent theoretical reflection on the notion of the "complex" as such, except insofar as it is related to other terms used to designate an organized set of mental processes and activities ("structure" and "system," for example). The difficulty arises from the need to distinguish and yet coordinate two different levels. The first describes the structure of the psyche as being the same, at least in its broad outlines, in every human being; such features would be, at least in theory, constitutive of the psyche itself (this is the case with the Oedipus complex and its corollary, the castration complex). The other level is that of individual variations, that is, the particularities of such a fundamental structure taken as a function of personal history, of imagos, of the play of identification, etc. The study of such particularities is the very object of psychoanalytic treatment. But the temptation to group complexes into "families" led over time to the proliferation of "new complexes," generally named after mythological figures. There was the "Electra complex," the supposed feminine version of the Oedipus complex; the "Jocasta complex," which designated the maternal counter-Oedipus; and even the "Ajase complex," which referred to the guilt that is linked in Japanese culture to the desire to kill the mother (Kosawa, 1931/1954). Thus there is a danger of falling into a purely descriptive typology in which the coherence of the Freudian metapsychology disappears and its explanatory power is lost. But in fact, not one of these proposed complexes has survived.
- Insofar as it relates to a fundamental structure, a complex is in itself not characteristic of this or that neurosis. Only its functionally disruptive manifestations and fixations can rise to the level of pathology.
In the definitions given above, a complex is "a group of ideas." Josef Breuer correctly noted that these ideas could be or could become conscious, but that what is "exiled from consciousness" is their "particular combination." However, we cannot remain at the level of ideas in the strict sense: memory traces, fantasies (at every level, from conscious to unconscious), and imagos, for example, all enter into this "combination." Moreover, what accounts for the effect of the complex is its quota of affect, and also its drive force. Thus, the study of an individual complex in the treatment leads to a topological consideration of all the related defenses and the retroactive reworkings that combined to set up a functional structure of this kind.
Bibliography
Freud, Sigmund. (1906c). Psycho-analysis and the establishment of facts in legal proceedings. SE, 9: 97-114.
——. (1909b). Analysis of a phobia in a five-year-old boy. SE, 10: 1-149.
——. (1909d). Notes upon a case of obsessional neurosis. SE, 10: 151-318.
——. (1910h). A special type of choice of object made by men. SE, 11: 163-175.
——. (1914d). On the history of the psycho-analytic movement. SE, 14: 1-66.
——. (1940-41 [1892]). Sketches for the "Preliminary Communication" of 1893. SE, 1: 147-154.
Freud, Sigmund, and Breuer, Josef. (1895d). Studies on Hysteria. SE, 2: 48-106.
Kosawa, Heisaku. (1954). Two kinds of guilt feelings: the Ajase complex. Japanese Journal of Psychoanalysis, 11. (Original work published 1931)
—ROGER PERRON
Oxford Companion to the Mind:
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complex
A term used in psychoanalysis introduced by Joseph Breuer (1895) in Studies of Hysteria and adopted later by Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung to mean organized memories, emotions, and fears, which have been pushed down to be largely unconscious, though affecting conscious perception and behaviour.
The term is related to 'complexion', from the humours of medieval physiology and their supposed effects. Thus Chaucer, in the Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, writes: 'Of his complexion he was sangwyn.' It might be bilious or phlegmatic — facial complexion revealing underlying complexes of emotions and disturbances though these may be psychological.
(Published 2004)
The term is related to 'complexion', from the humours of medieval physiology and their supposed effects. Thus Chaucer, in the Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, writes: 'Of his complexion he was sangwyn.' It might be bilious or phlegmatic — facial complexion revealing underlying complexes of emotions and disturbances though these may be psychological.
(Published 2004)
See emotions.
Word Tutor:
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complex
IN BRIEF: Not simple; difficult to understand.
The formula was too complex for the students.
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- any distinct chemical species in which two or more identical or nonidentical chemical species (ionic or uncharged) are associated, usually in stoichiometric proportions, and bound together by weaker interactions than covalent bonds. The term is used for various entities, e.g. coordination complexes, antigen-antibody complexes, enzyme-substrate or enzyme-inhibitor complexes, multienzyme complexes, and receptor-agonist complexes; it is often employed where the precise nature of the interaction is uncertain.
- to make a complex or incorporate into a complex, especially of a metal ion and a chelating agent; to chelate.
| complementation test, complementation, complementary strand | |
| complex I, II, III, IV, complex closed DNA, complexation |
Saunders Veterinary Dictionary:
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complex
1. the sum or combination of various things, like or unlike, as a complex of clinical signs.
2. that portion of an electrocardiographic tracing that represents the systole of an atrium or ventricle.
- antibody–antigen c. — a complex formed by the combining of antibody and antigen. Called also immune complex.
- Golgi c. — a complex cellular organelle involved in the synthesis of glycoproteins, lipoproteins, membrane-bound proteins and lysosomal enzymes. See also golgi apparatus.
- immune c. — antibody–antigen complex.
- major histocompatibility c. (MHC) — see major histocompatibility complex.
- multienzyme c. — the bringing together of all of the enzymes involved in a series of reactions such that the product of enzyme A is passed directly to enzyme B and so on to the final product.
- olivary nuclear c. — gray matter located in the medulla oblongata dorsal to the pyramidal tracts; an important part of the motor feedback regulatory mechanism.
- primary c. — the combination of a parenchymal pulmonary lesion and a corresponding lymph node focus, occurring in primary tuberculosis. Similar lesions may also be associated with other mycobacterial infections and with fungal infections.
Mosby's Dental Dictionary:
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complex
n
A combination of a number of things; the sum or total of various things.
Random House Word Menu:
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categories related to 'complex'
- Substances, Particles, and Atomic Architecture - complex: compound in which molecules form coordinate bonds with a metal atom or ion
- Urban Structures and Phenomena - complex: large group of buildings or apartments
- Syndromes, Disorders, and Conditions - complex: specific constellation of psychological symptoms arising from powerful emotions buried in unconscious mind and affecting behavior
- Wise, Mature, or Experienced
See crossword solutions for the clue Wikipedia on Answers.com:
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Complex (psychology)
 |
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2008) |
- For alternate usage, see complexity.
A complex is a core pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes in the personal unconscious organized around a common theme, such as power or status (Schultz, D. & Schultz, S., 2009). Primarily a psychoanalytic term, it is found extensively in the works of Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud.
An example of a complex would be as follows: if you had a leg amputated when you were a child, this would influence your life in profound ways, even if you were wonderfully successful in overcoming the handicap. You might have many thoughts, emotions, memories, feelings of inferiority, triumphs, bitterness and determinations centering on that one aspect of your life. If these thoughts troubled you, Jung would say you had a complex about the leg (Dewey, 2007).
Complex existence is widely agreed upon in the area of depth psychology. It assumes the most important factors influencing your personality are deep in the unconscious (Dewey, 2007). They are generally a way of mapping the psyche, and are crucial theoretical items of common reference to be found in therapy. Complexes are believed by Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud to influence the individual's attitude and behavior.
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Contents
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History and Development of the Idea
Carl Jung distinguished between two types of unconscious mind: the personal unconscious and collective unconscious (Dewey, 2007). The personal unconscious was the accumulation of experiences from a person's lifetime that could not be consciously recalled (Dewey, 2007). The collective unconscious, on the other hand, was a sort of universal inheritance of human beings, a "species memory" passed on to each of us, not unlike the motor programs and instincts of other animals (Dewey, 2007). Jung believed the personal unconscious was dominated by complexes (Dewey, 2007).
The term "complex", or "feeling-toned complex of ideas", was adopted by Carl Jung when he was still a close associate of Sigmund Freud. Complexes were so central to Jung's ideas that he originally called his body of theories "Complex psychology" (Daniels, 2003). Historically the term originated with Theodor Ziehen, a German psychiatrist who experimented with reaction time in word association test responses (Daniels, 2003). Jung described a "complex" as a 'node' in the unconscious; it may be imagined as a knot of unconscious feelings and beliefs, detectable indirectly, through behavior that is puzzling or hard to account for.
Jung found evidence for complexes very early in his career in the word association tests conducted at the Burghölzli, the psychiatric clinic of Zurich University, where Jung worked from 1900–1908 (Daniels, 2003). Jung developed the theory out of his work on Word Association Test (Daniels, 2003). In the word association tests, a researcher read a list of 100 words to each subject, who was asked to say, as quickly as possible, the first thing that came to mind in response to each word, and the subject's reaction time was measured in fifths of a second (Daniels, 2003). (Sir Francis Galton invented the method in 1879) Researchers noted any unusual reactions—hesitations, slips of the tongue, signs of emotion (Daniels, 2003). Jung was interested in patterns he detected in subjects' responses, hinting at unconscious feelings and beliefs (Daniels, 2003).
In Jung's theory, complexes may be conscious, partly conscious, or unconscious.[2] Complexes can be positive or negative, resulting in good or bad consequences (Mattoon, 1999). There are many kinds of complex, but at the core of any complex is a universal pattern of experience, or archetype (Wishard, 2004). Two of the major complexes Jung wrote about were the anima (a node of unconscious beliefs and feelings in a man's psyche relating to the opposite gender) and animus (the corresponding complex in a woman's psyche). Other major complexes include the mother, father, hero, and more recently, the brother and sister. Jung believed it was perfectly normal to have complexes because everyone has emotional experiences that affect the psyche. Although they are normal, negative complexes can cause us pain and suffering (Mattoon, 1999).
One of the key differences between Jungian and Freudian theory is that Jung's thought posits several different kinds of complex. Freud only focused on the Oedipus complex which reflected developmental challenges that face every young boy. He did not take other complexes into account except for the Electra complex, which he briefly spoke of (Carlini, 2005).
After years of working together, Jung broke from Freud, due to disagreements in their ideas, and they each developed their own theories. Jung wanted to distinguish between his and Freud's findings, so he named his theory "analytical psychology" (Cowgil, 1997).
Jung's Theory of Complexes with Key Citations
Early in Jung's career, he developed the concept of the "complex", A "complex" meaning a personal unconscious, core pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes organized around a common theme (Shultz and Shultz, 2009). According to Jung's personality theory, complexes are building blocks of the psyche and the source of all human emotions.[citation needed] Complexes are thought to operate "autonomously and interfere with the intentions of the will, disturbing the memory and conscious performance".[citation needed] "Jung stressed that complexes are not negative in themselves, but their effects often are".[citation needed]
Jung included the ego in a broadly comprehensive theory of complexes, often referring to it as the ego-complex as illustrated when he said "by ego I understand a complex of ideas which constitutes the center of my field of consciousness and appears to possess a high degree of continuity and identity. Hence I also speak of an ego-complex" (Jung, [1921] 1971: par 706).
Jung often used the term "complex" to describe a usually unconscious, repressed, yet highly influential symbolic material that is incompatible with the consciousness (Daniels, 2010). Daniels (2010) described complexes as "'stuck-together' agglomerations of thoughts, feelings, behavior patterns, and somatic forms of expression". Jung spoke of one specific type of complex, an autonomous feeling-toned complex, when he said "what then, scientifically speaking, is a 'feeling-toned complex'? It is the image of a certain psychic situation which is strongly accentuated emotionally and is, moreover, incompatible with the habitual attitude of consciousness. This image has a powerful inner coherence, it has its own wholeness and, in addition, a relatively high degree of autonomy, so that it is subject to the control of the conscious mind to only a limited extent, and therefore behaves like an animated foreign body in the sphere of consciousness." (Jung, [1960] 1969:par. 201)
Some complexes usurp power from the ego and can cause constant psychological disturbances and symptoms of neurosis (Daniels, 2010). With intervention, it may become conscious and greatly reduced in their impact (Daniels, 2010). Jung described the power complexes can hold when he said "what is not so well known, but far more important theoretically, is that complexes can have us. The existence of complexes throws serious doubt on the naive assumption of the unity of consciousness, which is equated with 'psyche,' and on the supremacy of the will. Every constellation of a complex postulates a disturbed state of consciousness. The unity of consciousness is disrupted and the intentions of the will are impeded or made impossible. Even memory is often noticeably affected, as we have seen. The complex must therefore be a psychic factor which, in terms of energy, possesses a value that sometimes exceeds that of our conscious intentions, otherwise such disruptions of the conscious order would not be possible at all. And in fact, an active complex puts us momentarily under a state of duress, of compulsive thinking and acting, for which under certain conditions the only appropriate term would be the judicial concept of diminished responsibility" (Jung, [1960] 1969:par. 200).
On the other hand, Jung identified the development of the differentiating functions as essentially the development of useful complexes. However, even here there are often undesirable side effects.
- It is true that we do not refer to this [training and development of functions] as obsession by a complex, but as one-sidedness. Still, the actual state is approximately the same, with this difference, that the one-sidedness is intended by the individual and is fostered by all the means in his power, whereas the complex is felt to be injurious and disturbing. People often fail to see that consciously willed one-sidedness is one of the most important causes of an undesirable complex, and that, conversely, certain complexes cause a one-sided differentiation of doubtful value. (Jung, [1960] 1969:par. 255)
In Psychological Types, Jung describes in detail the effects of tensions between the complexes associated with the dominant and inferior differentiating functions in highly and even extremely one-sided types.
- In the foregoing descriptions I have no desire to give my readers the impression that these types occur at all frequently in such pure form in actual life. They are, as it were, only Galtonesque family portraits, which single out the common and therefore typical features, stressing them disproportionately, while the individual features are just as disproportionately effaced (Jung, [1921] 1971: par 666).
See also
- Anima and animus
- Freudian psychology
- Jungian psychology
- Father complex
- Hero complex
- Inferiority complex
- Napoleon complex
- Superiority complex
Notes
References
- Jung, C.G. ([1921] 1971). Psychological Types, Collected Works, Volume 6, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01813-8.
- Jung, C.G. ([1960] 1969). The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche, Collected Works, Volume 8, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09774-7.
- Shultz, D. and Shultz, S. (2009). Theories of Personality. (9th Ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
- Daniels, Victor. (2010). Handout on Carl Gustav Jung. Retrieved from http://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/jungsum.html .
- Carlini, C. (2005). Understanding Freud's Oedipus complex. Retrieved from http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/Understanding-Freud-s-Oedipus-Complex/695228
- Cowgil, C. (1997, May). Carl Jung. Retrieved from http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/jung.htm
- Mattoon, M. (1999, September 5). Jungian psychology in perspective. Retrieved from http://www.voidspace.org.uk/psychology/complex2.shtml
- Wishard, WVD. (2004, November 14). What is the archetype of the apocalypse all about?. Retrieved from http://www.cgjungpage.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=617&Itemid=40
- Bernardini, R. (2011), Jung a Eranos. Il progetto della psicologia complessa [Jung at Eranos. The Complex Psychology Project]. Milano: FrancoAngeli. ISBN 978-88-568-3449-9.
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
Translations:
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Complex
Dansk (Danish)
adj. - kompleks, kompliceret, sammensat
n. - kompleks
v. tr. - få (atomer eller bestanddele) til at danne et kompleks
v. intr. - danne et kompleks
Français (French)
adj. - complexe, compliqué
n. - complexe, ensemble, (Psych) complexe, (Méd) complexe
v. tr. - (Chim) produire une molécule complexe (à partir d'un atome)
v. intr. - (Chim) former une molécule complexe
Deutsch (German)
n. - Komplex
adj. - komplex, verwickelt
v. - (Chem) einen Komplex mit einem anderen bilden
Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - πλέγμα, σύμπλεγμα, συγκρότημα, (ψυχολ.) σύμπλεγμα, κόμπλεξ, απωθημένο σύνολο ιδεών, επιθυμιών ή αναμνήσεων
adj. - (πολυ)σύνθετος, πολυμερής, περίπλοκος
Português (Portuguese)
n. - complexo (m), conjunto (m), obsessão (f) (coloq.)
adj. - complexo, composto
idioms:
- guilt complex complexo (m) de culpa
- inferiority complex complexo (m) de inferioridade
Русский (Russian)
здание, комплекс, сложный
idioms:
- guilt complex комплекс вины
- inferiority complex комплекс неполноценности
Español (Spanish)
adj. - complicado, complejo
n. - complejo, tema, idea fija, obsesión
v. tr. - formar un complejo con
v. intr. - complicarse
Svenska (Swedish)
n. - komplex, anläggning
adj. - sammansatt, komplicerad
中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
复杂的, 合成的, 复合物, 综合体, 综合设施, 集团, 情结, 使配合, 使复杂, 使成综合体, 被弄复杂
中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
adj. - 複雜的, 合成的
n. - 複合物, 綜合體, 綜合設施, 集團, 情結
v. tr. - 使配合, 使複雜, 使成綜合體
v. intr. - 被弄複雜
한국어 (Korean)
adj. - 복잡한, 어려운, 복문의
n. - 합성물, 종합빌딩, 강박관념
v. tr. - 복잡하게 하다, 합성하다
v. intr. - 복잡하다
日本語 (Japanese)
adj. - 複合の, 複文の, 入り組んだ, 複雑な
n. - 複合体, 合成物, 錯体, 文化複合, 複素語, コンプレックス, 複合, 団地
v. - 複雑にする, 合成する
idioms:
- inferiority complex 劣等感
العربيه (Arabic)
(الاسم) مادة مركبه, مجموعه أبنيه (صفه) معقد, مركب
עברית (Hebrew)
adj. - מסובך, מורכב
n. - תסביך, מערכת מורכבת, מערכת כבישים, מערכת מבנים, תשלובת, תרכובת
v. tr. - יצר תרכובת עם
v. intr. - יצר תרכובת
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