Condensed matter physics

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Condensed matter physics

Phases · Phase transition States of matter Solid · Liquid · Gas · Bose-Einstein condensate · Fermionic condensate· Fermi gas · Fermi liquid · Supersolid · Superfluid · Luttinger liquid Phase phenomena Order parameter · Phase transition Electronic phases Insulator · Mott insulator · Semiconductor · Semimetal · Conductor · Superconductor · Thermoelectric · Piezoelectric · Ferroelectric Electronic phenomena Quantum Hall effect · Spin Hall effect · Kondo effect Magnetic phases Diamagnet · Superdiamagnet Paramagnet · Superparamagnet Ferromagnet · Antiferromagnet Ferrimagnet · Metamagnet Spin glass Quasiparticles Phonon · Exciton · Plasmon Polariton · Polaron · Magnon Soft matter Amorphous solid · Granular matter · Liquid crystal · Polymer Scientists Maxwell · Van der Waals · Debye · Bloch · Onsager · Mott · Peierls · Landau · Luttinger · Anderson · Bardeen · Cooper · Schrieffer · Josephson · Landau · Kohn · Kadanoff · Fisher

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Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter. In particular, it is concerned with the "condensed" phases that appear whenever the number of constituents in a system is extremely large and the interactions between the constituents are strong. The most familiar examples of condensed phases are solids and liquids, which arise from the electromagnetic forces between atoms. More exotic condensed phases include the superconducting phase exhibited by certain materials at low temperature, the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on atomic lattices, and the Bose-Einstein condensate found in certain ultracold atomic systems.

The aim of condensed matter physics is to understand the behavior of these phases by using well-established physical laws, in particular those of quantum mechanics, electromagnetism and statistical mechanics. The diversity of systems and phenomena available for study makes condensed matter physics by far the largest field of contemporary physics. By one estimate,^{[citation needed]} one third of all United States physicists identify themselves as condensed matter physicists. The field has a large overlap with chemistry, materials science, and nanotechnology, and there are close connections with the related fields of atomic physics and biophysics. Theoretical condensed matter physics also shares many important concepts and techniques with theoretical particle and nuclear physics.

Historically, condensed matter physics grew out of solid-state physics, which is now considered one of its main subfields. The name of the field was apparently^{[citation needed]} coined in 1967 by Philip Anderson and Volker Heine when they renamed their research group in the Cavendish Laboratory of the University of Cambridge from "Solid-State Theory" to "Theory of Condensed Matter". In 1978, the Division of Solid State Physics at the American Physical Society was renamed as the Division of Condensed Matter Physics.^[1] One of the reasons for this change is that many of the concepts and techniques developed for studying solids can also be applied to fluid systems. For instance, the conduction electrons in an electrical conductor form a Fermi liquid, with similar properties to conventional liquids made up of atoms or molecules. Even the phenomenon of superconductivity, in which the quantum-mechanical properties of the electrons lead to collective behavior fundamentally different from that of a classical fluid, is closely related to the superfluid phase of liquid helium.

Topics in condensed matter physics

• Phases
  • Generic phases - Gas(* uncondensed); Liquid; Solid
  • Low temperature phases - Fermi gas; Fermi liquid; Fermionic condensate; Luttinger liquid; Superfluid; Composite fermions; Supersolid
  • Phase phenomena - Order parameter; Phase transition; Cooling curve
• Interfaces
  • Surface tension
  • Domain growth - Nucleation; Spinodal decomposition
  • Interfacial growth - Dendritic growth; Solidification fronts; Viscous fingering
• Crystalline solids
  • Types - Insulator; Metal; Semiconductor; Semimetal
  • Electronic properties - Band gap; Bloch wave; Conduction band; Effective mass (solid-state physics); Electrical conduction; Electron hole; Valence band
  • Electronic phenomena - Kondo effect; Plasmon; Quantum Hall effect; Superconductivity; Wigner crystal; Thermoelectricity
  • Lattice phenomena - Antiferromagnet; Ferroelectric effect; Ferromagnet; Magnon; Phonon; Spin glass; Topological defect; Multiferroics
• Non-crystalline solids
  • Types -Amorphous solid; Granular matter; Quasicrystals
• Soft condensed matter
  • Types - Liquid crystals; Polymers; Complex fluids; Gels; Foams; Emulsions; Colloids
• Nanotechnology
  • Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS)
  • Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy
  • Heat Transport in Nanoscale Systems
  • Spin Transport

See also

References