Guy Sanglerat has written:

'The penetrometer and soil exploration'

A penetrometer is a device used to measure the hardness or density of a material by determining the depth at which a probe penetrates the surface. It is commonly used in fields such as geology, agriculture, and food science to assess material properties.

you set the penetrometer to zero then push it against/into whatever your testing then when you pull it away there should be the little pin in place showing where it has measured to, it measures 'hardness' or a substances' resistance to pressure. I've used it for measuring cliffs and landslides in a stability assessment Hope this answers your question

There are 9 "weights" of grease. This is actually the measurement of flow.

They are 000,00,0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and measure a consistency of Semi-Liquid to Hard Wax

A shield cone.